TCP, or transmission control protocol, is one of the most fundamental aspects of guaranteed information transfer on the Internet. As the fourth layer in the OSI model, the TCP protocol ensures that all data sent from one IP address is, in fact, received by another IP address. If a packet did not make it the recipient IP, TCP would call for the packet to be sent again, until confirmation of reception. It is due to these reasons that TCP grants the user the capability of providing stream based transfer of data reliably.
The Secure Socket Shell (SSH) is a UNX-based protocol allowing users to securely gain access to a remote computer. SSH ensures that commands between computers are encrypted and secure due to a several things, including: (1) Both ends of the client/server connection are authenticated using a digital certification, and (2) passwords are protected by further encryption. SSH is typically used when logging into a remote machine and executing commands as securely as possible. There are several ways of using SSH, one being a manually generated public-private key pair to perform the certification process.
Published in 1988, RIPv1 (Routing Information Protocol) uses something known as classful routing and a router hop count as a routing metric. Since there is no method for authenticating route updates, the RIPv1 protocol sends copies of routes to its neighbors every 30 seconds. RIPv1 will load/balance traffic in cases where there are several paths with the same load to a destination. Also, it sends triggered updates when metrics of a route have changed, allowing the network to converge faster, rather than wait for periodic updates. RIPv1 shows information such as: IP address, gateway, interface, metric, and/or timer.
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...buted database in order to store the names as well as address information for all public hosts on the Internet. DNS also assumes IP addresses are static, rather than dynamic.
ARP, or Address Resolution Protocol, is used to map an IP address to a physical machine (i.e. Ethernet) address that has been recognized in the local network. A table, called an ARP cache, maintains a correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address within the network. ARP is responsible for making this correlation and providing address conversions in both directions. For example, a host looking to obtain a physical address will do so by broadcasting an ARP request onto the TCP/IP network. The host on the network that possesses that IP address in the request will then reply with its physical hardware address. We can see an example of the initial broadcast in capture #67.
Lab 1 demonstrates the capabilities of congestion control algorithms implemented by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It provides three scenarios to simulate these algorithms and will later compare the results.
IPv4 is the original internet addressing system. It is a protocol which was used on packet-switched networks. Delivery model is how it operates at its best without a guaranteed avoidance of duplicate in delivery or assurance of proper sequencing. Some aspects include data integrity which is mostly addressed by TCP. IPV4 uses binary notation to sort at time IP address that consist of 32 bits. It is a practice to convert the 32 bits of an IPv4 address into four 8 bit known as octets. With each octet converted to a decimal number (base 10) from (0–255) and parted by a period developed a format called dotted decimal notation. IPv4 has a category of address class types: Class A, B, C, D and E. The class A addresses are used for big networks and always start with zero bits. Each Class A address network can hold up as many as 16,777,216 hosts.
Define DNS: DNS or Doman Name System is the internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP adresses. For example, when a Web address or URL is typed into a browser, DNS servers return the Ip address of the Web server associated with that name.
IP – The Internet Protocol (IP) - is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
DoS attacks are defined as an effort to make a computer resource unavailable to its users. (Hackers usually use this type of attack on web servers for banks, credit card payment gateways or DNS root servers.) A DoS attack uses the IP address to flood the user’s network and obstruct the communication between the intended user and the victim. It has been proposed that a Shared Authentication Information (SAI) protocol could be used to offer a defense mechanism against DoS attacks, without incurring over- head at the ASN gateway and the base station.
Sending data through the internet efficiently has always posed many problems. The two major technologies used, Ethernet and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), have done an admirable job of porting data, voice and video from one point to another. However, they both fall short in differing areas; neither has been able to present the "complete" package to become the single, dominant player in the internet market. They both have dominant areas they cover. Ethernet has dominated the LAN side, while ATM covers the WAN (backbone). This paper will compare the two technologies and determine which has a hand-up in the data trafficking world.
In using NAT, hosts on the Internet appear to be communicating directly with the NAT device rather than with the actual host inside the private network. Inbound packets are sent to the NAT device's IP address and the device changes the destination packet header from its own Internet address to the private network address of the true destination host. The result is that, in theory, a single globally unique IP address is used for hundreds, thousands, or even millions of privately addressed hosts. In practice, however, there are drawbacks. For one thing, many Internet protocols and applications depend on the network being truly end-to-end, with packets forwarded entirely unmodified from the source to the destination.
Recently C++ has made its way into the Internet community. For over ten years, business’ have used C++ for their Internet needs, for example, sending and receiving important data pertaining to their business across the Internet and allowing it to quickly and safely reach the other end of communication and all in one piece. With the high demands of today’s Internet users, whether it be an online shopper or one that desires to seek information on a certain topic, it is essential that the information can be sent from the user, to the server, and then back again as swiftly as possible and with utmost dependability… all, of course, without the loss of security.
Although initially conceived as a form of communication during wartime, developed by United States Department of Defense. The precursor of the Internet was created by a group called, The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPAnet), as a distributed communication network (Richard Campbell, 2013)in case of a nuclear catastrophe, ARPAnet was in principle just a form of communication from one point to another which had users log into what they called a network, thus allowing for information to be shared whenever necessary. The way information was able to travel from one location to another within a network was in broken down form of compressed data called packet switching. “This is a method of breaking data files into small packets or chunks in order to send them across a network” (Teach-ICT.com Limited, 2002). This was in fact, laying out the outsets of what was then to become, the Internet.
The Internet was first introduced in 1969 when a program called ARPA or Advanced Research Projects Agency. ARPA had provided a way to communicate, through a network, with the country in case of a military attack had destroyed traditional communication. It also connected four United States universities and was used for research, education and government organizations. In 1972, Ray Tomlinson introduced E-mail. In 1973, Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) became the standard for computers to communicate over the Internet. In 1982 the word Internet is used for the first time. The domain name system (DNS) is introduced in 1984, which identified network addresses with .com, .org, and .edu. From that point on everything began to rapidly change. Things like America Online was developed, viruses start...
The Internet is a global network connecting millions of personal, institutional and company computers. The number of computers used by the internet is growing rapidly. The United States is connected with over 100 countries worldwide and linked together to exchange of data, news and opinions. The Internet is decentralized design. This means that there isn't just one computer that stores all of the information from the Internet. There are many independent host servers located throughout the US and the world that store the information made available to the global Internet community.
There also enhancement in FTP technology which are Trivial Fail Transfer Protocol (TFTP) and Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP/FTPS). The TFTP are designed for User Datagram Protocol (UDP) with minimal overheads. Each message is an independent UDP datagram. It always used to bootstrap workstation and network devices. There are two types of transfer mode being use in TFTP namely Netascii for text files transferring and Octet for binary files transferring. While SFTP/FTPS allows clients to request the FTP session being encrypted using cryptographic tools such as Transport Layer Security (TSL) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) so that commands and data contains passwords and sensitive information is prevented from being transmitted openly over the network.
It simplifies the storage and processing of large amounts of data, eases the deployment and operation of large-scale global products and services, and automates much of the administration of large-scale clusters of computers.
TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
TCP/IP operates at both levels 3 and 4 of the OSI model. The TCP portion of TCP/IP operates at level 3 (Network) as its primary function is to control the flow of data. IP operates at level 4 (Transport) of the OSI model. IP is the protocol responsible for the actual transmission of packet across the network.