5.1 Introduction
Structurally, the Salt Range is the result of tectonic forces imposed during the lateral phases of the Himalayan orogeny in the late Cenozoic time; the occurrence of the thick, incompetent Salt Range formation at the base of the sedimentary sequence has strongly influenced the structure.
5.2 GENERAL STRUCTURES OF THE PAIL-BAHDRAR AREA
Structural features were essentially the result of gravitative flow process (a tectonic diaprisim) involving the subsurface flow of highly incompetent sequence of the Salt Range formation, which consists of red crystalline gypsiferrous marls, gypsum, anhydrite, salt lenses and occasional dolomites and oil shales, due to differential loading caused by the excavation of canyons and ravins by erosional processes. The mechanism could be termed as superficial nontectonic (gravitative) diaprisim. According to Peter and Badgely (1965), “That specific gravity difference may be the prime motivating force for structural uplift of various types, including salt domes” Major structural features of the study area of the central Salt Range include a number of broad flat based synclines separated by somewhat narrow, sharp crested anticlines. As in inverted topography, the synclines occupy spurs, transverse or oblique to the main east-west structural trend of the homocline. The anticlines occur along the deeply eroded gorges and canyons, locally known as
Wahans. Even the side streams seem to follow the anticlinal trends. Axial lines of various anticlines and synclines show no particular parallelism. This Inverted topography is the result of gravitative flow process (a tectonic diapirism) due to the differential loading or unloading caused by the excavation of valleys.
As for as faulting is concerned,...
... middle of paper ...
...f plastic rocks.
5.4.1 Salt Range Thrust
This Salt Range thrust has brought the older formation of the range upon the less disturbed late Cenozoic sequence that underlies the alluvium.
The thrust zone is usually hidden by recent alluvial deposits and fanglomerates. 5.4.2 Pail Thrust
Along this thrust Amb Formation is exposed over Rawalpindi Group.
On the southern side of Pail city an escarpment face indicates presence of this thrust.
5.4.3 Kalri Thrust
Along this thrust Salt range formation is exposed over Warrcha
Formation
5.4.4 Chambalwala Normal Fault
Along this fault Amb formation is exposed in juxta postion with Hangu
Formation, Lockhart Limestone and Patala Formation. The Paleocene Strata is dipping opposite to the the fault.
5.5 JOINTS
Block joints and slumping are very common in the Eocene limestone which has resulted in forming columnar blocks of limestone.
On Wednesday, February 15th, I was able to have the opportunity to listen to Andrew Lipman. Andrew Lipman is the author of The Saltwater Frontier: Indians and the Contest for the American Coast. In the novel, he explained the life of Native Americans living in New England and on the coast of Long Island. During this time, most individuals relied on trading natural resources. In order for profit for the resources, the colonists and Native Americans used wampum. Wampum was used as a sacred gift in Native American culture as a peace offering, funerals and marriages. Colonialists had an advantage towards using wampum. They used beads as a commodity for furs. Native Americans relied on canoes for transportation. Canoes can hold up to fifty people.
...e morphed it into the quartzite that is seen surrounding the butte (4). Rocks that undergo this process are called metamorphic rock, which is the same as the rock seen years ago by dinosaurs and other extinct creatures. The quartzite rocks were formerly seafloor sediment that was forced upwards, and then surrounded by lava basalt flows. Once erupted through fissures and floods through out most of the area, lava flow eventually created enough basalt to form a thickness of about 1.8 kilometers (1). All of this basalt flow eventually led to the covering of most mountains, leaving the buttes uncovered. The igneous lava flows and loess is reasons that the Palouse consists of such sprawling hills, and rich soil for farming (2). In result of the lava flows, the Precambrian rock Quartzite was formed. And lastly covered by the glacial loess, which were carried by the wind.
The rock salt, is easily one of the most used and consumed mineral in the average everyday life. From seasoning food to helping a sore throat, salt is used without the thought of its effects on many wars, cultures, government, religions, and the economy. Author Mark Kurlansky, informs the reader of the history of salt by taking them through different cultures and time periods in the book Salt: A World History. He touches on different areas around the world and how they used salt for their own needs. From being one of the most wanted rocks in the world, to easily being purchased at the supermarket, salt has gone through a long and tiring journey.
Since the early history of man, salt has always been nearby. Salt: A World History, written by Mark Kurlansky, is describing the importance and the effects on history that salt has had over the thousands of years of human history.
Set in a small city in southern Georgia, The Salt Eaters is an intricate portrait of a community struggling with issues of people's own health and worldwide use of nuclear power. The people search for the healing properties of salt and an understanding that healing starts from the personal acceptance of being ill and therefore need to be healed. The novel is centered around the story of a young woman, Velma who tries to commit suicide, and her healing takes a long time because first she needs to be convinced that that she needs to accept the fact that she needs to be cured. The author uses a lot of symbols in the book, which will be discussed in the next paragraph.
Ruta Sepetys’ historical fiction novel Salt to the Sea, took place in the 1940’s during the time of World War II. There are four protagonists Emilia, Joana, Alfred, and Florian who go on a fatal journey through Germany to the Wilhelm Gustloff. The Wilhelm Gustloff was built to carry 1,462 passengers, but by the time they were done boarding there were 10,582 people on board. At 9:15pm, the ship was struck by three torpedoes in the bottom deck. As their ship to freedom was sinking, many begged to get on a lifeboat. Many people changed and became brave while others became desperate. In Salt to the Sea, Ruta Sepetys teaches the reader that it is never too late to change others is showed that when people become brave they can defend themselves when
Although Iran is located in the arid and semi- arid climate, but this glaciated area is sustained by moisture- laden southerly wind originate from the Caspian Sea. These winds collide with the Northern slopes of the Tackt e Solaiman mountainous and produce an estimated average snowfall of about 452 cm/year. This orographic precipitation occurs during the 65 days in year. Also, a significant amount of precipitation falls during the October- December (Vaziri, 2003). The surface of Alamkouh is characterized by a system of ridges and depressions and oriented parallel to the overall flow direction. The most part of the Alamkouh surface is covered by debris. Typical origins of such debris accumulation include debris-laden snow avalanches, episodic rock avalanches and long-lasting rockfall activity, heavy rains or weathering processes.
We were preparing for our trip to Salton Sea area. Our final destination was Salvation Mountain and Slab City. But abandoned cities by salton sea and dead sea itself certainly draw our attention to stop and investigate the area. We decided to avoid a freeway and get to the area through Joshua Tree National Park. We cut across Joshua Tree National park left Mojave desert and came out in Colorado desert right by Salton Sea. As soon as we reached the area i noticed a strange and unpleasant smell. The area had post apocalyptic look with the surrounding structures standing in ruins. The sea was the dull blue of a cataract, surrounded by small volcanoes, bubbling mud pots, and ragged, blank mountains used for bombing practice by the Navy and the Marines . It was hard to imagine that once upon the time this area was known to be a paradise , "a germ in a desert ". What happened here ? why this area that was once flourishing with tourists, new constructions, yacht clubs
The tectonic and magamatic activity that took place in Anatolia makes it a suitable place to study magma evolution as it preserves most of its volcanic rocks. Coban (2007) gave major subdivisions of the Anatolian microplate which are: the Eastern Anatolian collisional province (EACP), the central Anatolian province and, the Western Anatolian extensional province (WAEP) respectively. Two main tectonic processes are responsible for the distribution Anatolian volcanics and the process responsible are: the formation of topography related to the acc...
Salt is made up of sodium and chlorine and it is a natural occurrence on our planet, it can be found and harvested mainly from the seas, oceans or salt lakes. However salt can also be mined from within the earth from dried up underground seas, normally it’s only used as road salt (maldonsalt). The product salt has multiple functions, Salt is used to preserve foods and also to flavor foods, salt can also be used as a stabilizer in water and rock salt is used to melt ice during the winter (Freeman, 2007).
Stephen .G,Malcolm.W, Guy H,(2014), GEOL20001 The Geology of Southeast Australia, School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, pg. 23-25
In my opinion, I think salt water is bad for you. If you’re stranded in a deserted island and you drink salt water, it’ll just make you even more dehydrated and probably kill you faster. If there’s nothing to drink at the island, then don’t drink the salt water because that’ll just make you die faster. Your body also won’t be able to get rid of all the extra salt. Your body fails when it tries to get rid of too much salt. Your kidneys produce urine to get rid of all that salt but it needs fresh water to actually make it work. If you drink salt water, then too much salt will go into your body and it won’t make the kidneys work which will eventually make your body fail. Salt water will pretty much make your body stop functioning if you drink too much salt water. Some salt is good for you but drinking a lot of salt water can make your body go weird or different. Our blood can’t really handle too much salt. When there’s a lot of salt, the water in the cell goes outside to balance itself. Since you’re drinking salt water, there’s a lot of salt which causes a lot of water to go outside to help out. That can cause the cells to actually shrink and that’s obviously not good. If the cells shrink, then they can’t carry out
Scientific results of the garnet that was analyzed, was 6 miles deep beneath the surface of the peaks, which was above us, and a long way so nearly 2 billion years ago before the canyon. Of all ancient mountains 6 miles above sea level, still here towering peaks as high as the modern Himalayas, over the next 500 million years. The relentless forces of erosion wore these mountains away over millennia. The freezing and thawing of ice-cracked open the rock of the mountain slopes. Wind and water carry the rock debris down towards the ocean, leaving behind a flat and featureless
Moonshine, hillbillies and a one of kind dialect is what comes to mind when most people think of the Appalachian Mountains and the Appalachia people in the eastern United States. Long identified by the population and commerce found in the area, the Appalachians are also an interesting geologic feature. Running from north to south, the Appalachian Mountain Range is one of the oldest ranges on planet Earth. Beginning to form nearly a billion years ago, the Appalachian Range extends from Alabama to Newfoundland. This paper will discuss the formation of the range in the Paleozoic Era. The different geologic features and patterns found in the northern and southern areas of the range. Finally, the Appalachia people, unique ecosystem and valuable resources found in the region. The Appalachian Mountains provide a unique place to study geological features and process.
The designation “large igneous province” (LIP) was introduced to embody the range of recognized, immense, crustal emplacements of mafic (Mg,Fe-rich) extrusive and intrusive rock related to the decompression of hot, melting, buoyant mantle ascending from the Earth’s interior (Coffin and Eldholm, 1991). This alteration of mass and energy is also thought to have occurred in specific cycles of geologic time in contrast to normal crustal...