Micro RNAs (miRNA’s) are created from microgenes and are a molecule that is aproximetly 22 base pairs in length, they are thought to coordinate the expression of genes that are protein coding in eukaryotes. Over 1000 have been discovered and they seem to compromise a secondary level of control that is likely to coordinate the genome function in humans and other complex organisms (Elliot and Elliot)
It is also known that these miRNA help initiate the degradation of mRNA and prevent the translation of mRNA into protein through a process known as RNA interference. (Pierce, Benjamin A). There is a miRNA- induced silencing complex (miRISC) which links up with mature miRNA. This forms a complex which blocks translation via the binding to mRNA, (Phillips ,Theresa) miRNAs are able to target up to several hundred genes through binding to different regions and imperfect base pairing. (Larson, Richard A)
miRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of genes by binding to complementary regions; this is done commonly with the 3’UTR of target mRNA resulting in mRNA degradation and translational repression.(Goodal). Bound to an argonaute protein all miRNAs require this for miRNA function( Nilsen, Timothy W.
Gene regulation is the process of turning on and off the genes in our cells as they are required. This is needed as every cell in our bodies has a complete set of the genome, and the difference between cells is what genes are being expressed and not expressed within them. The differentiation between cells is due to different regulatory elements. (Yoon, Wan Hee) This differentiation is due to gene regulation which occurs at the level of transcription in the cells. Operons promoters and repressors are all strong...
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...illiam H Elliot and Daphne C Elliot
Genetics: A conceptual Approach, Fourth Edition, 2012
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
o By: Theresa Phillips, Ph.D. (Write Science Right) © 2008 Nature Education)
the role of microRNAs in development, department of biological chemistry john Hopkins university school of medicine biowave vol 11 no 11 2009 Wan Hee Yoon
• MicroRNAs and copy number changes: New levels of gene regulation in acute myeloid leukemia Richard A. Larson, MD 2010 March 19
• The roles of microRNAs in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis Weining Yang1, Daniel Y Lee 2, Yaacov Ben-David1 Accepted June 11, 2011.
FOXP3 regulated microRNAs: a novel component of FOXP3 tumor suppressor function in breast epithelial cells: Goodal, Brown, Brown , Cowin and venter
MicroRNAs: SMALL RNAs WITH A BIG ROLE IN GENE REGULATION
Lin He and Gregory J. Hannon
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
Sansone, Randy A., and Lori A. Sansone. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2014.
Schulman, Joshua M., and David E. Fisher. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Aug. 0005. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
Nikitina, E. G., Urazova, L. N., & Stegny, V. N. (2012). MicroRNAs and Human Cancer.Experimental Oncology, 34(1), 2-8. Retrieved from http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/eol/2012_1/002.pdf
Almost all biology students learn the fundamentals of gene expression, DNA contains information which is transcribed into RNA to create protein. Students however, are not taught of RNA Interference, the biological process where RNA molecules inhibit a gene’s expression, RNAi for short. While RNAi is a fairly new discovery, its use in modern biological research is groundbreaking. RNA Interference works by binding Double-stranded RNA molecules (siRNA) to a complementary messenger RNA. The enzymes Dicer and Slicer then cleave the chemical bonds which hold the messeger RNA in place and prevent it from delivering protein silencing instructions thus, the term, Gene Silencing. This phenomenon was first discovered by Richard Jorgensen in 1990 when he was trying to produce deeper purple colored petunias by introducing more purple pigment genes to the flower. To his surprise, the purple petunia turned completely white and got the opposite of his predicted result. At the time Jorgensen coined this effect, “Cosuppression”. It was not until 1998 that Andrew Fire and Craig, C Mello explained the process of RNAi and discovered its use in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. Elegans). In 2006 Fire and Mello won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discover of RNA Interference – gene silencing by double stranded RNA”. They utilized the nematode, C. Elegans due to its whole genome being sequenced. This unique characteristic allows for every gene to be tested
...39-0512-6_10.Use of Genome-Wide RNAi Screens to Identify Regulators of Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency and Self-Renewal. Zheng X1, Hu G.
... have been doing a phenomenal job of figuring this out. DNA is the chemical in each cell that carries our genes. DNA is the source of just about everything. It not only determines what we look like, but also many other things. Instructions are on some of our genes to let them know when they need to multiply and divide. Cancers can be caused by DNA defects.
This enormous set of instructions fits within a single cell and routinely directs the formation of entire adult humans, starting with just a single fertilized egg. Even the DNA of a bacterium is highly complex, containing at least 3 million units that all are aligned in a very precise, meaningful sequence. DNA is described as a miniaturized marvel and with information so compactly stored that the amount of DNA necessary to code all the people living on our planet might fit into a space no larger than an aspirin tablet.
Genetic engineering, sometimes called genetic modification, is the process to alter the structure and nature of genes in humans, plants, and animals (what is genetic engineering). Because DNA is a code that is universal, genes can be manipulated
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): Is a cancer of the bone marrow and the blood that will progress quickly without treatment. This type of leukemia affects mainly the cells that aren’t fully developed. Therefore, making the cells not carry out their normal functions. With this type of dysfunctional activity in the cells at an early stage, this why it is very important to get care and treatment as soon as possible.
“A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a functional product,” Tortora. Microbiology. p. 575. The syllable of the syllable. These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a role.
The. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002. Print. The. The "Epigenetics" of the "Epigenetic PBS. PBS, 09 Jan. 2000.
Distinct characteristics are not only an end result of the DNA sequence but also of the cell’s internal system of expression orchestrated by different proteins and RNAs present at a given time. DNA encodes for many possible characteristics, but different types of RNA aided by specialized proteins sometimes with external signals express the needed genes. Control of gene expression is of vital importance for an eukaryote’s survival such as the ability of switching genes on/off in accordance with the changes in the environment (Campbell and Reece, 2008). Of a cell’s entire genome, only 15% will be expressed, and in multicellular organisms the genes active will vary according to their specialization. (Fletcher, Ivor & Winter, 2007).
Kanwar, V.S. (2013, Sep 16). Diseases & Conditions - Medscape Reference. Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/990113-overview#a0156
A recent field of biology, called epigenetics, is rapidly transforming previous ideas on the impact of genes. The...