Entanglement plays an important role in Quantum Information Processing. It has wide applications in areas of Quantum cryptography, secure communications, teleportation and so on. All these protocols involve muti party entanglement which requires locally producing the entanglement and then distributing it to different parties. These multiparticle entanglement can be of various types depending upon its number of qubits. Interestingly upon distribution the states will interact with the environment and become mixed state or less entangled pure state. For proper execution of most of the protocols we need a perfect channel thus we need to convert the non maximally entangled state back into maximally entangled state. The transformation of a less entangled pure state (pure non maximally entangled state) into a maximally entangled state is known as entanglement concentration whereas transformation of a mixed non-maximally entangled state into a maximally entangled state is known as entanglement purification/distillation. In 1996 Bennet et al. [origional ECP] proposed the first entanglement concentration protocol by using collective entanglement concentration procedure (known as Schmidt projective method). Recently many schemes for the ECPs and the EPs are implemented for different states such as Bennet et al. [EP] implemented ECP for bell state, Sheng et al. [Sheng-1] impemented ECP for maximally entangled Bell state, Sheng et al. [Sheng-2] impemented ECP for arbitrary W state, Bose et al. [S. Bose ] impemented ECP based on entanglement swapping (needs collective Bell state measurement) for maximally entangled Bell state, Chaudhury and Dhara have implemented ECP for GHZ [Dhara GHZ state] and Cluster state [Dhara Cluster state], Zhou et al. [NOON] for NOON states etc. But we are interested in entanglement concentration for Cat state and GHZ-like state using non-maximally entangled Bell state via a special kind of circuit through which the scheme for the construction of pure maximally entangled state is proposed. Interestingly, up to date different techniques/strategies have been used for realization of the protocols of entanglement concentration (ECPs) and entanglement purification (EPs) or distillation, such as linear optics (use of PBSs), cross-Kerr-nonlinearities (use of QNDs), purification via entanglement swapping, unitary transformation [unitarytranx] and quantum electrodynamics (QED) techniques [QED] etc. Rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section [sec:Entanglement-concentration-protocols] our scheme is presented for Cat state and GHZ-like state with their respective circuits, Section [sec:Efficiency] efficiency part is discussed and finally the paper is concluded in Section [sec:Conclusion]. Physica A 337 (2004) 141 – 148=>Vedral et al. proposed the three
In the magic of the mind author Dr. Elizabeth loftus explains how a witness’s perception of an accident or crime is not always correct because people's memories are often imperfect. “Are we aware of our minds distortions of our past experiences? In most cases, the answer is no.” our minds can change the way we remember what we have seen or heard without realizing it uncertain witnesses “often identify the person who best matches recollection
One of the most common American proverbs is the expression to “never judge a book by its cover”. This saying, used for more than just books, is commonly used to express that what is on the appearance of something might not always show that things true nature or content. Even so people will often forget this fact and rely on their own perception. So what does this say about perception? To Victor Hugo author of the novel Les Misérables this would probable show that human perception is flawed and that people trust it more than they should. In Victor Hugo’s novel Les Misérables he suggests that by following only our perception will not always lead to the truth, with the characters of Thénardier, Jean Valjean, and Inspecter Javert.
where A is number of entangled pairs and C is an o set.O set is necessary as
Throughout the past century, investigations of quantum and particle physics phenomena have proven to show the most significant concepts and ideas in the physical and sub-atomic world. However, the discoveries yet to be made are endless. One of the most fascinating concepts in the sub-atomic universe is the idea of spintronics. Spintronics is the quantum study of the independent angular momentum (not to be confused with the orbital angular momentum of the electron) of a particle, typically that of an electron (Introduction). An electron is a fundamental particle, with a negative charge, and is independently studied in the process of spintronic devices. The spin angular momentum of electrons is ±½ћ. Devices that use the properties
...hes. In Alice and Quantumland, the principles or concepts of quantum mechanics are compared with the macro world; one can find great similarities and even greater dissimilarities between the world wherein electrons rule, and the world wherein human beings live. The author, Robert Gilmore, creates an allegory based off the principles of quantum mechanics using the original story of Alice in Wonderland. Through Alice’s adventure in Quantumland she comes across some ideas or features that contradict real world ideas. These ideas are the following: Electrons have no distinguishing spin, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, Superposition, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and . All of these features are comprised essentially of the same universal concept--that the quantum world does not require definity whereas the macro world uses it as a pillar of society and civilization.
How do you view the use of public funds to support certain activities in church schools? Do you see a trend toward “excessive entanglement”? Where do you see the line needing to be drawn so as not to conflict with the establishment clause?
“Too black for the white kids, too white for the black kids.” “Where do I fit in?” These are common question one may ask himself if he is struggling with double consciousness. Many people struggle with double consciousness every day without even realizing the effects it has on themselves or even the people around them. Double consciousness was discovered in 1903 by W.E.B. Du Bois which he referenced the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society. He relayed his message in his writing “The Souls of Black Folk”. Like stated before, double consciousness has many different effects on a person such as them trying to fit in, them having to feel like they have to pick a side (black side or white side), or eventually losing himself.
Over a 1950 summer lunch at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the great physicist Enrico Fermi asked his colleagues an unexpected question – “Don’t you ever wonder where everybody is?” Laughter went around the table as everyone immediately knew that he was talking about extraterrestrial intelligence [1]. If life arises fairly commonly, as Fermi believed, it follows that there should be advanced civilizations with the desire to visit and colonize Earth close enough to do so. However, there is no incontrovertible evidence of aliens on Earth, either now or in the past. This is called the Fermi Paradox. The lack of observational evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence is known as the ‘Great Silence.’[13]
... in Wireless Sensor Networks: Current proposal and Future Development, IEEE Xplore, Hong Kong, Oct- 2007.
Critical thinking is the process in which one challenges their emotive, self-centered way of thinking. It causes one to test their own assumptions and question their reasoning. Critical thinking is the process in which one mentally explores deeper than the superficial matters at hand into the deeper layers in order to find out what the real issues are. Successful critical thinking is a process that allows one to creatively problem solve, seek innovative solutions, and essentially "think outside of the box." It also allows one to become more open minded to various situations. Logic and perception both play a role in critical thinking. However, when it comes to weighing their beneficial impact on the critical thinking process, logic and perception are by no means equal. While logic is firmly rooted in reason, perceptions are just as firmly rooted in one's senses, and can easily be corrupted. Therefore, perception is certainly not reality. This is a lesson that I had the opportunity to have reinforced in a recent in-house promotion at work.
People are familiar with measuring things in the macroscopic world around them. Someone pulls out a tape measure and determines the length of a table. A state trooper aims his radar gun at a car and knows what direction the car is traveling, as well as how fast. They get the information they want and don't worry whether the measurement itself has changed what they were measuring. After all, what would be the sense in determining that a table is 80 cm long if the very act of measuring it changed its length!
Quantum Cryptography is the newest technology in the field of Encryption and proved to be most secure as of now. In this paper we will discuss what quantum cryptography is and what makes it most secure and unbreakable.
American Institute of Physics. Vol. 1051 Issue 1 (2008). Academic Search Premier.> 224. http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=34874307&site=ehost-live.
Von Neumann architecture, or the Von Neumann model, stems from a 1945 computer architecture description by the physicist, mathematician, and polymath John von Neumann and others. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter , external mass storage, subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a memory to store both data and commands, also an input and output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has grown to mean a stored-program computer in which a command fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is commonly referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of a system.
The date is April 14, 2035 a young woman is woken up by the silent alarm in her head. She gets up and steps into her shower where the tiles sense her presence and calculate the water to the precise temperature that she likes. The news flashes in her eyes announcing that today is the tenth anniversary of the day quantum computing was invented. She gets dressed and puts on her favorite hat with a smartband embedded in the rim, allowing her access to anything she needs just by thinking it. Her car is waiting with her trip preprogrammed into it. She arrives at the automated airport to see her associate waiting for her. By the look in his eyes she can tell he is doing a quick online search in his mind. Technology is constantly growing and soon this future will be a reality.