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Essay on role of political parties in democracy
Essay on role of political parties in democracy
The role of political parties in election
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I. Introduction Throughout the semester we have studied the role political parties’ play in democracy. Scholars debate that without political parties countries cannot democratize. It is true that political parties play a prominent role in the development of democracy, however; I will argue that depending on how strong or weak the political party is in a given region, the more likely the party will spread democracy. In the following essay I argue that parties can have a role in strengthening but also weakening a democracy based on how well they are able to include all of its citizens. By democracy I mean a “modern political democracy that is a government system in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in a public realm by its citizens, acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of the elected representatives.” (Schmitter & Karl). By this definition, a democracy is strengthened when control over government decisions about policy is constitutionally vested in elected officials, elected officials are chosen in frequent and fair elections, when citizens have the right to vote and can express themself without fear of retaliation from the state and citizens have the right to form independent associations including independent political parties and groups. Political parties are weakened when any or all of these elements are blocked or restricted. To make this argument I will examine how the PRI and PAN in Mexico illustrate why scholars state these political parties have helped strengthen democracy by providing stability to the country and programmatic alternatives to the once one party dominated country. (Schmitter & Karl). I will also examine what scholars have to say about the role of P... ... middle of paper ... ...cracy at Last? Routledge, 2011. Print Klesner, Joseph L. "Adiós to the Pri? Changing Voter Turnout in Mexico's Political Transition." Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos. 17.1 (2001): 17-39. Print. Rodriguez, Victoria E, and Peter M. Ward. "Disentangling the PRI from the Government in Mexico." Mexican Studies/estudios Mexicanos. 10.1 (1994): 163-186. Print. Ross, Ashley, and Maria Escobar-Lemmon. "The Price of Personalizing Politics: Political Distrust and Economic Performance in Latin America, 1996–2006." Electoral Studies 30.3 (2011): 406-416. Print. Schmitter, Philippe C., Karl , Terry Lynn. "What Democracy Is. . . and Is Not." Journal of Democracy 2.3 (1991): 75-88. Project MUSE. Web. 11 May. 2014. . Skidmore, Thomas., Smith, Peter H. , and Green. James N. Modern Latin America, 8th edition Oxford University Press, 2014.
The United States has no more important foreign relation ship than that of which it enjoys with Mexico, and vice versa. These two countries share interwoven societies and economies. Although there have been disagreements and turbulence between the two countries, which partnership is without these? The Strength of each country’s democracy is fundamental to the other’s. This relationship that the two countries share directly affects that lives of millions of Mexican and United States citizens everyday. Recently these two countries have become even more unified than ever before. Tackling issues such as Border Control, Countering Narcotics, Dealing with multiple Law enforcement agencies, Human Rights laws, trade and development, etc. There are many issues that they are mutually interested in and must deal with. Yet, there are some vast differences in which these two countries are run. There are also many similarities, which we must take into account. Both Democratic Governments have similar structures, containing a legislative, judicial, and executive branch. Yet, these structures are very different internally, containing specific duties that the other country’s branch may not have.
For the 71 years that the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was in power, Mexico saw great political, social and economic upheaval. This can be seen in the evolution of the PRI party, whose reign over Mexican society came at the expense of true democracy. “A party designed for power, the PRI's mechanisms for success involved a combination of repressive measures. The party professed no specific ideology, enabling it to adapt to changing social, economic and political forces over time. It attached itself virtually all aspects of civil society, and in this way, it become the political extension and tool of the government.” In 2000, however, the PRI’s loss of its monopoly on political power and institutional corruption gave rise to inter-cartel violence that was created in the political void left after the PAN won the national presidential election. These conditions gave rise to the Zetas: a new type of cartel that changed the operational structure of previous drug cartels. The Zetas operate in a new militant structure associated with a higher brand of violence, which has led it to branch out beyond a traditional drug smuggling enterprise common under the PRI government. Simply put, the electoral defeat of the PRI in 2000 was supposed to usher in a more democratic era in Mexican politics. Instead, the PRI party’s defeat created a state of chaos that gave rise to inter-cartel violence and the birth of the Zetas cartel.
Burns, E. B., & Charlip, J. A. (2007). Latin America: an interpretive history (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Peeler, John A. Latin American Democracies. Chapel Hill, NC and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1985. Print.
Since labor unions in Mexico were originally formed in the early 1900s, they have maintained a unique system of collaboration and collusion with the government of Mexico. Though many may refer to their system as one of “corruption,” it is a system that has become so deeply imbedded in the relationship between labor unions and the government, that it is now a well-understood unofficial network. Over the past 20 years in Mexico, a great deal of progress has been made toward the liberalization of the Mexican markets. Previously government-owned companies have been privatized, foreign investment has boomed, and a once one-party system has just recently produced its first democratically elected opposing party president. But how helpful have the labor unions been to this progress? Generally, labor unions would be one of a society’s greatest opponents to such things as privatization, causing many difficulties to the progress of the economy, however in the case of Mexico, I contend that labor unions have, in fact, been a beneficial component to the progress. The unions have contributed through their collaboration with the government, their suppression of wages, their maintenance of a balanced governmental system, and their contributions to democracy. Though it cannot be claimed that all of their contributions to the economic development of the past 20 years in Mexico has been positive, it can be claimed that Mexico’s unique style of government-labor union coordination has acted in many unusually beneficial ways.
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Partido Revolucionario Institucional, was known as the ‘official’ party of Mexico. The PRI ruled the government, with little to no opposition from 1929 to the new millennium. The party held a power almost equal to the actual President of Mexico, who naturally came from the PRI party. The PRI was founded by Plutarco Elías Calles [1] in 1929, originally named the National Revolutionary Party (PNR or Partido Nacional Revolucionario), then Partido de la Revolucion Mexicana (PRM or Party of the Mexican Revolution) by Lázaro Cárdenas in 1938[2]. The current name PRI was given to the group by Manuel Ávila Camacho in 1946. The party was mixed with involvement from some small political and military influences along with several local labor unions and peasant groups, the party served as a group that organized and contained political competition among the leaders of the various revolutionary groups. PRI’s role was to stop the power struggles that were occurring during the Mexican Revolution, if the issues of power were all solved within the party the negative effects of possible armed rebellions and congressional gridlock would not happen in Mexico.
Politics is today commonly associated with ‘party politics’ where each party represents a certain group of people in Parliament and considers issues through a specific lens. Britain has three main political parties; first, the Conservative Party on the right, which advocates the encouragement of private property, the preservation of a strong military, and the conservation of traditional cultural values. Second, the Labour Party on the left which is closely affiliated to trade unions, promotes nationalization, a welfare state and a Keynesian approach to economics; and the third, Liberal Democrats at the centre who put an emphasis on individual liberty, equality, a mixed economy, a developed welfare state and a reformed democratised system of government. Their main roles are both on the long term and on the short term. The long-term goals of a political party include public engagement where parties ignite the public’s interest and incite them to participate in debates in a sustained manner. A political party’s short-term role would be the mobilisation of the population, which looks at how people vote in one instance, in a referendum or an election for example. However, if one looks more closely at how effective political parties are in terms of their roles in society, we can notice a gap between what they aim to achieve and the observable outcome. This suggests that there have been changes in the way political parties operate, which could lead to the decline of the parties. This essay will argue that first, party organisation can cause a decline in memberships and lead to a decline of a party. Second, a change in society can affect the parties; class and partisan dealignment has pushed parties to transform themselves when it comes ...
Liss, Peggy K. and Liss, Sheldon B. Man, State, and Society in Latin America, Praeger Publishers, 1972
The political incentives that spawned parties are transparent. In any system where collective choices are made by voting, organization pays. When action requires winning majorities on a continuing basis in multiple settings, organization is absolutely essential. The Constitution’s provisions for enacting laws and electing leaders therefore put a huge premium on building majority alliances across institutions and electoral units. Parties grew out of the efforts of political entrepreneurs to build such alliances and to coordinate the collective activity necessary to gain control of and use machinery of government. One of the incentives for building political parties is to build stable legislative and electoral alliances. To control policy consistently, then,
La Botz, Dan. Democracy in Mexico: Peasant Rebellion and Political Reform. Boston, South End Press, 1995
This paper examined general questions in which I tried to enhance in the concept of democracy, in evaluating the challenges through distinctive spheres of ideas and developments. All in all, democracy comprise of four essential principles; “a political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections. In a democracy, the citizen vote in free and fair elections, for their leaders who after being elected are accountable for their policies and their comportments in office. In a democracy, the people are sovereign; maintaining active participation, as citizens, in politics and electing their civic rights. In a democracy, the society must become knowledgeable about public issues and must participate in elections. However, the society should not be obligated to participate in elections nor to join a political party or an organization against their will. A democracy must persevere the human rights of all citizens. All citizens have essential rights that the government cannot take away from them. Those rights are freedom of religion and to express your own opinion and interest. Democracy and pluralism in the mass media. The right to form and join organizations as to associate with other people; to assemble freely and protests against the government. As well the right to move in and outside the country and no one can interfere or oppose those rights. However, everyone must exercise these rights concerning the law and for the rights of others. The rule of law, in which all laws must be applied equally to all citizens. For democracy to work, a system of regulation by statutes must be obeyed and not a system by individuals. The rule of law must protect the rights of citizens and limits the power of government. Still, after the critical review of theory and concepts, this paper proposed a research strategy using references from the readings of Richard
The history of political instability in Mexico and its need for revolution is very complex and dates back to the colonization of Mexico by the Spaniards in the 1500s. However, many aspects of the social situation of Mexico when the Revolution broke out can be attributed to the thirty-year dictatorship of President Porfrio Diaz, prior to 1911. The Revolution began in November of 1910 in an effort to overthrow the Diaz dictatorship. Under the Diaz presidency, a small minority of people, primarily relatives and friends, were in ...
Similarly, Ahmad’s second agreement is that besides people’s interpretation of the word democracy, we must interrogate the concepts and workings of it. Just like “who is Islam” is asked, “who is democracy” should also be asked. In other words, democracy is a contested term. There is a general agreement on the concept but not the best application of it. Most people would agree that democracy contains the idea of popular power where all the members of a society have equal control over decision-making processes. It is the depiction of this control over the decision-making processes that is contested.
Many political pundits accept that political parties are necessary ingredients of democratic governance. Within this framework, many scholars agree that political parties are the principal agents of democratic consolidation because they are the key players shaping democracy’s emergence (Pridham, 1990: 29). Similarly, “party system institutionalization has been widely viewed as a requisite for the consolidation of democracy” (Kuenzi and Lambright, 2005: 423). However, scholars disagree on the effects of different party system characteristics on democracy. For example, some scholars contend that multiparty system increase the quality of democracy in a country by enhancing the representation of different groups, and by increasing the choices before voters. On the other side, some scholars argue that multiparty system undermine governmental
...wer to the citizens of a nation to make decisions for themselves, and get to elect who will represent the citizens through elections. “...exercised directly by them or elected representatives in a free electorial system.” (Democracy). Democracy is a type of government more nations should embrace if they have not already, many other types of governments are out there, but none have benefited or satisfied a country more than democracy has.