The Role of Decision Making in the Pre-Crisis Period of India (15 March, 1959 - 7
September, 1962)
More than thirty years have passed since the dramatic cling of arm in
the remote Himalayan region of the Sino-Indian border. This Time gap seems to be
appropriate for a correct reexamination of the conflict. The account of India's
attempt to find balance with China, ever since the Kongska Pass incident in 1959
until the attack of 1962, is not merely a fact sheet that we can brows and toss
and toss away. In stead we have to link each idea to the event and causes that
might have played a role in the conflict.
Ever since 1959 the border problem between Asia's biggest two nation-
states has been picking up speed at a threatening speed. The year 1962 was the
unfortunate year for India which knocked out any possibility of understanding
between China and India. Of course, such an act of terror could have not started
without some kind of the reason, whatever it may be. The chronological order of
pre-crisis decisions taken India's authorities are of great importance.
The role of the decision-makers before the time of the armed conflict
had a big significance for India's position on political and economic matters in
the continent of Asia. A major figure in India's decision making was Jawaharlal
Nehru, leader of the Congress Party, head of the Planning Commission and chief
spokesman of the government in Parliament. These titles not only made him an
important nationalistic figure but also Gandhi's appointed heir and a "major
architect of India's political institutions" (Brecher, 1959). Krishna Menon,
"the controversial defense minister consulted in almost every issue" along with
Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant was also a figure of great importance (Langyel, 1962).
This importance was mainly derived from the fact that both shared the same
overall world view of Nehru. However, in order to understand the cruicial
importance of decision-makers, we shall looked seperately at each of India's top
men.
Menon was highly important and useful to Nehru in the essence that the
latter helped Nehru convey his thought and policies to the outside world in a
forceful and organized manner (Brecher, 1959). But as Rajani Palme Dutt said in
his book "The problem of India," foreign policy was exercised "more behind the
scenes than in meetings of the committee." Both Menon and Nehru acted to the
desire of Nehru. It was often when the Foreign secretary would take to Pant
drafts of diplomatic correspondence and get the reaction which was usually at
Nehru's request (Hoffmann,1990).
Foreign policy makers Nehru, Menon and Pant shared a common world view
One of the most argued topics today, the end of World War II and the dropping of the atomic bombs still rings in the American ear. Recent studies by historians have argued that point that the United States really did not make the right choice when they chose to drop the atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Also with the release of once classified documents, we can see that the United States ...
In a new age following the American Civil War the U.S is expanding at a pace previous
Moral decisions can be difficult to make if it goes against your beliefs. You could choose to either follow your orders or follow your instincts. The stories “Gregory” by Panos Ioannides and “The Day of the Last Rock Fight” by Joseph Whitehill, both have endings that results in a negative outcome; both the protagonists are conflicted whether they should be loyal to their leader or friend, or follow their instincts. The soldier from “Gregory” is conflicted to whether he has to kill Gregory or not, and Ronnie is in a situation where he has to make a decision to whether he should have reported his best friend Peter or not. These protagonists are negatively affected from the decisions they make. In “Gregory”, the soldier regrets killing “Gregory”, and in “The Day of the Last Rock Fight”, Ronnie is heavily burdened after making the decision not to tell the detective of how Gene Hanlon dies. Furthermore, both the stories portray how it can be difficult making decisions when you know that your decision could have a great impact on the society and yourself.
In 1941, one of the largest American military defeats occurred. An entire naval fleet was destroyed, hundreds were killed, all before nine A.M. on a Sunday morning. The US did not have any knowledge of this attack, mostly because of their own ignorance, partially because of the military strategies of their Japanese opponents. The Japanese attack on the US naval base of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was a classic case of "It will not happen to me!" Although the US suspected the Japanese actions, they were not ready because they believed an attack would never happen on American grounds. Through an examination of military history, tactics and eye witness descriptions, it will be proven that the US had no knowledge of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, but had sufficient warnings from the Japanese and others that an attack was imminent.
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“Decades of Change - 1960-1980.” Outline of U.S. History. U.S. Department of State. 2011. Web.
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The Transformation of the “Indian Problem”. In this paper, I plan to examine the marked transformation and the history of the so-called “Indian Problem.” The idea of an “Indian Problem” began with the arrival of white settlers in North America, and for them, it was a problem of safety, security, and land acquisition. Around 1890, the “Indian Problem” became an issue of how to help the Indians go extinct humanely, or to assimilate into white culture.
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2 Stein, Burton (2001), A History of India, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiv, 432,
Stern, Sheldon M. The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ., 2012. Print.
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