According to three websites, the general definition of the word “hacker,” are: www.telecomsnews.co.uk/ states, “Computer users who understand the "ins and outs" of computers, networks, and the Internet in general.” www.computerdoctor.com stated, “The term used to describe computer users who attempt to gain unauthorized access to sites. Some hackers perform security audits for companies for a fee; other hackers steal information from companies for their own personal gain.” Finally, www.prenhall.com states, “People who break into computer systems with the intention of causing destruction”.
Personally, the definition of the word hacking/hackers is a computer enthusiast, someone who is extremely proficient or obsessive about programming, programming languages and or computer systems & networks. Hacking is a state of mind. Curiosity is the main point; a hacker always wants to know more about information, depending on his/her taste. It is the curiosities which makes them learn more and more quickly than another person of the same age.
Traditionally hackers were regarded as “geeks”, who knew everything about computers (hardware and software) and networks. They are very intelligent programmers. The term hacker was popularized by Steven Levy in his famous book “Hackers: Heroes of Computer Revolution.” When he said hacker, he meant brilliant, constructive programmer who led the way to the computer revolution. If I still don't acknowledge the courtesies of hackers, Eric S. Raymond reminds me what the hackers have done for us: "Hackers built the Internet. Hackers made the UNIX operating system what it is today. Hackers run Usenet. Hackers make the World Wide Web work. If you are part of this culture, if you have contributed to it and other people in it know who you are and call you a hacker, you're a hacker..." (The Hackers Jargon File Hard Cover)
In days long gone by, a “hacker” was someone who spent an inordinate amount of time engaged in the activity of 'hacking' at a keyboard. This slang term was eventually corrupted into an insult. Over time, the insult spread to other professions, but the term “hacker” continued to apply to people who spent the late hours hunched over a keyboard. Eventually, computers began to reach the student community at colleges, schools and in public libraries. Such students were considered computer enthusiasts. These were often young people with curious natures and highly devoted to whatever their interest. Since computing resources were scarce, competition for access to them were fierce.
The second place in St. Louis that is historically significant is the St. Louis Art Museum. The museum was founded in 1879. At this time it was named the St. Louis School and Museum of Fine arts. In 1906 it was reopened. All admission fees for the museum were terminated once the museum became a public place supported by taxes from the city of St. Louis.
Racial discrimination has caused war. Racial discrimination happens even in the workplace, from hiring to firing. Then you have the problem with racial discrimination when it comes to sentencing a person to prison. A study was done at the University of Pennsylvania with help from economist and law professors from the likes of Harvard and the University of Chicago where they explained that they “find evidence of significant inter-judge disparity in the racial gap in incarceration rates…The magnitude of this effect is substantial. The gap in incarceration rates between White and African-American defendants increases by 18 percentage points (compared to a mean incarceration rate of 51% for African-Americans and 38% for Whites) when moving from the 10th to 90th percentile judge in the racial gap distribution.” (Abrams, “New study by Prof. David Abrams and co-authors confirms racial bias in criminal sentencing”) showing that there are judges who (whether consciously or subconsciously) are placing some of their sentences on their race resulting of many being jailed much longer than they should. An African-American is more likely to go to and spend more time in prison for the same crime committed by a white man. Of course Judges may also judge you based (aside from race) and your background, meaning whichever neighborhood you grew up in, if you cause trouble in public places and if you grew up in
Goldsborough, R. (2010, January 25). Nerd, Geek, Dweeb, Twerp — In Computer Lingo, Which One Are You? Community College Week, p. 16.
Envision you are an educator and you question your class, “what is the purpose of government?” What responses do you believe you would receive? Which answers are right or wrong, and why? Centuries ago, two political philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, had two different answers to that particular question. Both agreed that men needed government to pull them out of the state of nature. The state of nature is a way to portray the lives of people before societies. But while they agreed on that one thought, Hobbes and Locke had two distinctive opinions on why to pull men out of this state. Hobbes reasons the purpose of government is to guarantee law and order while making citizens “lives desirable and worth living.” While, Locke reasons the purpose of government is to not only guarantee law and order, but also to protect citizens’ rights and properties too. While some may trust that Thomas Hobbes is right, I support John Locke for his three ideas on the type of government, revolution, and the state of nature, which all contribute to the purpose of the government.
Racial discrimination has caused war. Racial discrimination happens even in the workplace, from hiring to firing. Then you have the problem with racial discrimination when it comes to sentencing a person to prison. A study was done at the University of Pennsylvania with help from economists and law professors from the likes of Harvard and the University of Chicago, where they explained that they “find evidence of significant inter-judge disparity in the racial gap in incarceration rates…the magnitude of this effect is substantial. The gap in incarceration rates between White and African-American defendants increases by 18 percentage points (compared to a mean incarceration rate of 51% for African-Americans and 38% for Whites) when moving from the 10th to 90th percentile judge in the racial gap distribution.” (Abrams, “New study by Prof. David Abrams”) showing that there are judges who (whether consciously or subconsciously) are placing some of their sentences on their race resulting of many being jailed much longer than they should. An African-American is more likely to go to and spend more time in prison for the same crime committed by a white man. Of course Judges may also judge you based (aside from race) on your background, like whichever neighborhood you grew up in, or if you are known cause trouble in public places or if you grew up in
Hacking was once a term that was used to describe someone with a great deal of
The formation of government is one of the central themes for both Hobbes and Locke. Whether or not men naturally form a government, or must form a government, is based on man’s basic nature. According to Hobbes, a government must be formed to preserve life and prevent loss of property. According to Locke, a government arises to protect life and property. Governments are born of inequality and formed to administer equality.
Locke’s belief in “consent” by the people creates a democratic structure of community. In this way, the community is merely created to protect the rights and the property of the people. His idealistic government would have the power controlled by those who are being ruled, the people. Locke explains that we must “make one body politic, wherein the majority have a right to act and conclude the rest” (Locke 101).The government is a reflection of the “majority” of the community, and will represent the wishes of the people. The power is held by those who are being ruled, and they have equal rights in deciding their political outcomes. Locke explains that “wherever law ends, tyranny begins”, so once the rights of the people are suppressed this injustice begins (Locke 102). Locke also explains that if a government was to act unjust, not with the best interest of the majority, then it is the right and the responsibility of the people to overthrow “tyranny” (Locke 102). The people, who have the power, should always defend their human rights, especially from unlawful rulers. This view of government shifts with Hobbes’ perspective. Hobbes believes that one man should rule the community, and therefore the government should have power in the ruler rather than the people being ruled. This single ruler will be educated about the corrupt nature of mankind and the bad nature of
Hobbes and Locke’s Ideas of government reflects subjects that have been put in place, rejected many times, or are still in consideration. The idea to allow the government to have access to our text messages, our emails, and our phone calls to prevent crime and terrorism would be an example of Hobbes idea of government as having an absolute ruler with unlimited power would do whatever is necessary to prevent chaos. But in todays society Locke’s idea of government has been favored as the government would only be able to do that with a warrant and reason for the warrant, to protect our natural rights. Locke’s idea of government reflects our police department regulations also; to protect our natural rights police have limited power, as they cannot do whatever they feel necessary to prevent crime. But if the police department was reflected by Hobbes idea of government the police could do whatever they felt necessary, which in today’s society could actually cause more chaos, then prevent
The Truth about Hackers In the winter of the year 2000 an eighteen year old hacker, who went by the name Curador accessed about 26, 000 credit card numbers and put them on the internet. With the help of an ex-hacker, Curador was eventually tracked down and sentenced. All of this was explained in a frontline interview with Curador himself also known as Raphael Gray. Who are these so called hackers? Are peoples assumptions about teenage hackers correct? In 1995 the movie Hackers portrayed the images and lifestyles of hackers similar to the one mentioned above. The characters in Hackers show a media example of finding themselves in cyberspace by forming a community which creates their own boundaries. According to Coppin, hacking is the process of writing and reading code. People who code in an open range of society are hackers. The term a hack is often meant as a fast and dirty solution. Hackers are often confused with hackers are crackers. Crackers are people who break into or crack computer security systems (Coppin). In Hackers, high school cyberpunk teenagers get together and associate with the rave lifestyle known as techno. Due to the medias portrayal of the average hacker, people constantly associate hackers as teens with a love for techno music and rave-like gatherings. This is not necessarily true. Anyone can be a hacker. Even those with a family, a job, and an ideal lifestyle, including females have the potential of being a hacker. Therefore, no stereotypical labels should be placed on hackers due to their possible diversity. Hackers influences the way people tend to associate how everyday hackers are supposed to be. Hackers also show how hackers form their own cyber communities. They share simil...
Hacking has been around since the birth of computers. When the term hacking was first used, its meaning was not that of how we think of it today. At the origins of computing, a hacker was considered to be just a "creative programmer (Baase, 2003)." Early forms of computer games as well as the beginnings of operating systems were discovered and created by these original hackers. These hackers plunged into systems as a way of an intellectual challenge and to aspire to gain knowledge (Baase, 2003). Kevin Mitnick believes he falls into this realm of hackers. Hackers in today's era are now looked upon as criminals who invade the privacy rights of individuals and have the ability to deliver worms/viruses. The differences are that hackers today have full intentions of delivering terrible viruses and worms. Mitnick was one of the most infamous hackers during the 1980's. He molded his hacking style around the stupidity of humans and his quest for intellectual knowledge. The ways in which he wiggled his way into computer systems extenuates many of the issues surrounding computer security and privacy.
The definition of hacking has undergone some changes in the past few years. At first it identified people “who enjoys modifying and subverting system, whether technological bureaucratic or sociological.” (Lemos, 2002) In the last decade hacking has evolved to describe “those people with a hands-on interest in computer security and circumventing such security. (lemos 2002) As you explore deeper into the digital landscape it becomes clearer that these hackers are sub divided into three groups of intermingling individuals classified by a system of hats.
Hackers are typically defined as individuals that gain unauthorized access to another person’s computer. Although that definition is rather specific it can be broadened to include other illegal activities such as “phishing”, which can be done on its own and may be separate from hacking. The hacker community is what is contended to be an “imagined community” meaning they occupy no singular geographic location, like members of a community like Rosedale, nor have they have any set guidelines for becoming a computer hacker. The hacker community is highly fluid, with members leaving and others taking their places all the time. Most hackers tend to either form close connections with just a few other community members or formalize groups and break off into subsets. Although the hacker community is criminogenic by virtue of being rallied around an illegal activity there is very little discourse about them threatening society, and when there is, it is often not highly regarded. This process becomes even more apparent when looking at the moral panic that surrounds young, black men. Racism is certainly a factor here as popular belief is that majority of the hacker community are young, white males but that does not go far enough in explaining the disparity. Either does simply arguing that hackers pose no real threat. A recent example is that of a hacker that gained control of the life support system of an Antarctic research facility which housed 56 scientists. Although the hacker was cut off before any damage could be done, it is easy to see how that scenario could have ended in tragedy. Furthermore, hackers have gained access to high level American government agencies, like the Pentagon, before so it is easy to see why this commun...
The computer evolution has been an amazing one. There have been astonishing achievements in the computer industry, which dates back almost 2000 years. The earliest existence of the computer dates back to the first century, but the electronic computer has only been around for over a half-century. Throughout the last 40 years computers have changed drastically. They have greatly impacted the American lifestyle. A computer can be found in nearly every business and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). Our Society relies critically on computers for almost all of their daily operations and processes. Only once in a lifetime will a new invention like the computer come about.
As I sit out here alone on my back porch, sipping on my coffee and reflecting on this wondrous day, I look out at the beauty God created for His children to enjoy. This world is so beautiful and mystifying. How can anyone not believe in God after living in such a exquisite world? If I believe that God is the Creator of all things, I move myself from the center of my universe and see God as the most important being (Phillips, Brown, and Stonestreet, Page 10). Without God in our lives, we allow evil and ugliness into our hearts. Living my life filled with truth, love, honesty and compassion are the characteristics I will continue to pride myself on throughout the remainder of my life.