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Unethical behaviour at Enron
Unethical behaviour at Enron
Enron case study facts and summary
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The Rise and Fall of Enron
The objective of every company is to maximize profit, become a big player and remain viable. Enron was no exception the key players at the time were Kenneth Lay CEO, Jeffery Skilling who was hired by Lay in 1990 to head the Enron Finance Corporation and by 1997 Skilling was made President and Chief Operating Officer. Andrew Fastow, CFO who was the chief financial officer of Enron.
Enron merged Houston Natural Gas in 1985 with another natural gas pipeline to create Enron. The intent from the beginning was to expand beyond just selling and transporting gas. The company was moving toward the newly deregulated markets. The deregulated markets were not governmental control. The company moved toward every deregulated energy market they could find. For example, the same way that the farmers market works is the same way that Enron bought and sold electricity and gas.
When the oil prices began to fall like dew in the 80’s the buyers switched from natural gas to fuel oil, the vision was set for the deregulated markets, and they refused to let anything obstruct their vision. Enron was expanding in the trade and service market. The lobbyist fought for the deregulated markets of gas and electricity, on the behalf of Enron. Enron prospective contracts ensured payment in the future for the delivery of gas and this strategy resulted in irregular prices of gas.
Enron began to invest into industrial commodities, for example, steel and wood fiber. The company further expanded trade to broadcasting time for advertisement and also entered into trading markets for internet bandwidth. By the late 90’s the company had invested about several billion dollars into the trading side of the business...
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...es of Enron debt securities and publicly traded equity from October 19, 1998 to November 27th, 2001.
The cooperate grievance charged many of Enron executives and law firms, accountants, banks, and directors with infringements of the federal securities laws and alleges that defendants engaged in enormous inside trading while making misleading and false statements concerning Enron’s financial execution. Due to these false statements Enron’s stock trade was as high as 90.75. The key players sold more that 20 million shares of Enron’s stock for inside trading profit of roughly $1.19 billion.
Enron is both a criminal and a civil case. It is a criminal case due the fraudulent aspects such as bankruptcy and for relation between Arthur Andersen Enron. The civil case covers between 1997 and 2001 for debt securities and for the purchases of publicly traded equity.
The Fastows headed to Mrs. Fastow's native Houston in 1990, both taking jobs at a young company called Enron. Just five years old, Enron was starting to evolve from a natural-gas and pipeline company into a trading firm. Mr. Fastow was one of the first managers hired by Mr. [Jeffrey Skilling], who himself had only recently arrived, from management consultants McKinsey & Co. Brought into Mr. Skilling's inner circle, Mr. Fastow returned the loyalty, telling colleagues he had named a child after his mentor. When Mr. Skilling became Enron's president and chief operating officer in early 1997, he and Mr. [Kenneth Lay] promoted Mr. Fastow to lead a new finance department. A year later, Mr. Fastow became chief financial officer.
Investors and the media once considered Enron to be the company of the future. The company had detailed code of ethics and powerful front men like Kenneth Lay, who is the son of a Baptist minister and whose own son was studying to enter the ministry (Flynt 1). Unfortunately the Enron board waived the company’s own ethic code requirements to allow the company’s Chief Financial Officer to serve as a general partner for the partnership that Enron was using as a conduit for much of its business. They also allowed discrepancies of millions of dollars. It was not until whistleblower Sherron S. Watkins stepped forward that the deceit began to unravel. Enron finally declared bankruptcy on December 2, 2001, leaving employees with out jobs or money.
Enron started in the mid 1980’s with the merger of two major natural gas companies. The company grew to become the largest vendor of natural gas in the United States. Enron was very profitable
Enron’s collapse occurred due to the fault of its executives who used their power in a wrong direction. They used information for their own gain and deluded their employees. Employees were obliged to put all their retirement plans into the stocks of Enron and at the moment of falling down of stocks, workers weren’t able to sell them, but heads could sell them any time. Enron’s positive reports were hiding downsides of the company only to hold their stocks at the ceiling level for a reason to get more investors. Enron’s failure caused by the greediness of its executives and the fact that no one stopped them and even favored in such crime. For example, their
...d then they reported a $ 1 million charge in total. Then there was the project to build a natural gas 900 kilometer pipeline in Mozambique to Gauteng, South Africa which cost $700 million. Enron's contract is now considered overpriced. Nevertheless, Enron must pay for the gas even if it does not take possession of it and Enron has no customers for the gas. I feel that Enron had luck on it’s side for a while and were able to conquer all these different markets for a while. But they wanted too much power and money, much too fast for some of the markets they entered they had to dish out billions of dollars in up front capital investments on hard assets. . These capital investments were not expected to generate significant earnings or cash flow in the short term. This put pressure on Enron’s balance sheet.
The three main crooks Chairman Ken Lay, CEO Jeff Skilling, and CFO Andrew Fastow, are as off the rack as they come. Fastow was skimming from Enron by ripping off the con artists who showed him how to steal, by hiding Enron debt in dummy corporations, and getting rich off of it. Opportunity theory is ever present because since this scam was done once without penalty, it was done plenty of more times with ease. Skilling however, was the typical amoral nerd, with delusions of grandeur, who wanted to mess around with others because he was ridiculed as a kid, implementing an absurd rank and yank policy that led to employees grading each other, with the lowest graded people being fired. Structural humiliation played a direct role in shaping Skilling's thoughts and future actions. This did not mean the worst employees were fired, only the least popular, or those who were not afraid to tell the truth. Thus, the corrupt culture of Enron was born. At one point, in an inter...
Enron Corporation started back in 1985. It was created as a merger of Houston Natural Gas and Omaha based InterNorth as a interstate pipeline company (CbcNews). Kenneth Lay was the former chief executive officer of Houston natural gas merged his company with another natural gas line company, Omaha Based InterNorth. During the time of the merger there were many arguments amongst the two companies and in the end Ken Lay the former C...
Enron started about 18 years ago in July of 1985. Huston Natural Gas merged with InterNorth, a natural gas company. After their merge they decided to come up with a new name, Enron. Enron grew in that 18-year span to be one of America's largest companies. A man named Kenneth Lay who was an energy economist became the CEO of Enron. He was an optimistic man and was very eager to do things a new way. He built Enron into an enormous corporation and in just 9 years Enron became the largest marketer of electricity in the United States. Just 6 years after that, in the summer of 2000 the stock was at a tremendous all time high and sold for more than 80 dollars a share. Enron was doing great and everything you could see was perfect, but that was the problem, it was what you couldn't see that was about to get Enron to the record books.
But since the latter part of the 1960’s, stricter enforcement of insider trading practices has been put into place because of financial scandals. The first to be discussed is a concrete definition of “insider trading” as it is discussed in this essay. According to the “European Communities 1989 Insider Dealing Directive”, insider trading is the dealing on the basis of materials, unpublished, price-sensitive information possessed as a result of one’s employment. (Insider Trading)” Ivan Boesky pleaded guilty to the biggest insider-trading scheme discovered by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). He made $200 million by profiting from stock-price volatility in corporate mergers.
Enron Corporation was based in Houston, Texas and participated in the wholesale exchange of American energy and commodities (ex. electricity and natural gas). Enron found itself in the middle of a very public accounting fraud scandal in the early 2000s. The corruption of Enron’s CFO and top executives bring to question their ethics and ethical culture of the company. Additionally, examining Enron ethics, their organization culture, will help to determine how their criminal acts could have been prevented.
Enron was originally led by a very smart individual. But, as time went on and they started to not only work for the company but become the company, these individuals got greedy and made risky decisions, gambling with Enron’s money. Enron and the individuals that were originally in top managerial positions have learned from this experience.
In July 1985, the Texas based energy firm Enron Corporation was founded by Kenneth Lay by the merge of Houston Natural Gas and Inter-North. Enron primarily focused on the energy markets, due to electrical power markets becoming deregulated Enron expanded into trading electricity and other energy goods. With Enron growing, the company began moving into new markets. In 1999, Enron launched Enron Online, its website for trading goods. The rapid awareness and use of the business website made it the prime business site in the world with a substantial amount of transactions arising from Enron Online. The growth of Enron was extensive and in 2000, the firm was ranked the 7th largest energy firm in the world with year ending accounts 31 December 2000 showing a profit of $979 million and share prices soaring from $40 to $90 in one year.
Enron was on the of the most successful and innovative companies throughout the 1990s. In October of 2001, Enron admitted that its income had been vastly overstated; and its equity value was actually a couple of billion dollars less than was stated on its income statement (The Fall of Enron, 2016). Enron was forced to declare bankruptcy on December 2, 2001. The primary reasons behind the scandal at Enron was the negligence of Enron’s auditing group Arthur Andersen who helped the company to continually perpetrate the fraud (The Fall of Enron, 2016). The Enron collapse had a huge effect on present accounting regulations and rules.
Enron was able to employ over 20,000 employees across the globe. The recession of 2000 had Enron investors on the short end of the stick. The CEO, Jeff Skilling, had a clever and manipulative way of “hiding the financial losses of the trading business and other operations of the company,” (Investopedia). Skilling used a technique called mark to marketing accounting. The mark to market innovation “led to schemes that were designed to hide the losses and make the company appear to be more profitable than it really was,” (Investopedia). Andrew Fastow was a popular and growing businessman who was promoted to Chief Executive Officer in 1998. Fastow invested in his own companies using Enron as the main investor so he was always able to make a profit. Fastow knew that subsidiaries were losing money, however, he made the company seem as it was in great shape. Fastow and other high officials would hide tremendous amounts of debt from big investors and creditors using “special purpose vehicles,” (Investopedia). “The company, it was revealed, had made about a dozen "partnerships" with companies it had created, and it used those partnerships to hide huge debts and heavy losses on its trading
The Enron Corporation was an American energy company that provided natural gas, electricity, and communications to its customers both wholesale and retail globally and in the northwestern United States (Ferrell, et al, 2013). Top executives, prestigious law firms, trusted accounting firms, the largest banks in the finance industry, the board of directors, and other high powered people, all played a part in the biggest most popular scandal that shook the faith of the American people in big business and the stock market with the demise of one of the top Fortune 500 companies that made billions of dollars through illegal and unethical gains (Ferrell, et al, 2013). Many shareholders, employees, and investors lost their entire life savings, investments,