Introduction
This paper is a general overview of outsourcing. It explores when to outsource and what advantages and disadvantages a public manager may face when deciding whether to outsource.
I have chosen references to support this text that are both academic and colloquial. Indeed it was a discovery to learn that "Outsourcing" had become a well-developed academic area of study. My prior study of the subject revolved around personal conversations and non-academic magazine articles.
It may be interesting to note that an internet search using key words, "privatization + government" in both Yahoo and Dogpile failed to bring up a specific government agency devoted to outsourcing or privatization. In the private sector there were many web sites particularly devoted to this topic. One of the most developed was at: http://www.outsourcing-research.com. The lack of existence of a central public agency specifically designed to deal with this issue may be a result of a failure to fully recognize this as an aspect of modern government activity.
Definitions
"Outsourcing," "privatization," and "contracting out" have a similar meaning. "Outsourcing" may be defined as: [The process by which] "an organization turns over the complete ownership and control of a particular business process or function to the supplier. The buyer determines what results it wants from the supplier, and the supplier determines how to achieve the results." 1
In this sense, "outsourcing" may be synonymous with "privatization" because it implies the turnover of "ownership and control" from one organization to another. "Contracting out" may be a subcategory of outsourcing/privatization. As one reference2 puts it, "Contracting Out" [is] the most common form...
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...ce Delivery- Examples of Innovative Practices. The Urban Institute Press, Washington D.C., 1989.
7. Suggs, R.E. Minorities and Privatization: Economic Mobility at Risk. Joint Center for Political Studies Press, Washington D.C., 1989.
8. Rehfuss, J.A. Contracting Out in Government: A Guide to Working with Outside Contractors to Supply Public Services. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1989
9. Cavendish, A, Mistry P. Adjusting Privatization. Heinemann Educational Books, 1992.
10. Ventura, Jesse. I Ain't Got Time to Bleed - Reworking the Body Politic from the Bottom Up. Villard Press, 1999
11. http://house.gov/judiciary/6096.htm. Testimony of Norman Matloff, Dept of Computer Science, UC Davis to the House Judiciary Committee, subcommittee on immigration "Debunking the Myth of Desperate Software Labor Shortage.
12. http://www.outsourcing-academics.com/html/acad12.html
Outsourcing simply means acquiring services from an external organization instead of using internal resources (Butler, 2000). By using outsourced resources, organizations can gain a competitive advantage by utilizing contingent staff to accomplish strategic goals without incurring the fixed overhead. By focusing on the leading edge and highly specialized skill sets, outsourcing providers can often offer higher quality services, or at a lower price than the client organization. Typical reasons for outsourcing go beyond simple contingent staffing. Outsourcing providers are able to maintain economies of scale with regard to specialization (...
Recently outsourcing has been in the news, especially during political election years. It seems to be a phenomenon that is causing much concern among the population. But exactly how is outsourcing effecting both workers and businesses? And is it as big of a problem as politicians describe?
Sepulveda, Leandro (2010) Stephen Syrett, and Sara Calvo, Social enterprise and ethnic minorities, TSRC Working Paper 48.
Outsourcing emerged on the financial arena during the 1980s and has since then been spreading. Outsourcing production was furthered with the process of globalization which provided a new component leading to the strengthening of resources, skill and labor specializations across the world. The process of outsourcing is using the skill and abilities of a third-party to accommodate society on the foundation of labor. As stated earlier, it was during the 1980s that the process kicked off mainly due to the efforts of corporations when they began to hire labor forces across the world. Even though outsourcing has come out from its developing stages, there are still following effects on the US economy.
...r class, white majority benefit heavily from preventing minorities from climbing up the economic ladder. This approach would only be possible if “countervailing irrationalities can be tamed by limited and judicious state intervention” (p. 24-25).
Kibbe, C. (2004, 07 09). Outsourcing: the good, the bad and the inevitable. New Hampshire Business Review, pp. 1A-21A.
Privatization of governmental functions has a direct relationship with the number of contract employees in government and an inverse relationship with the number of civil servants. As privatization has become more acceptable, contract employees are being hired to do the jobs, thus, replacing civil servants.
Gender is determined by the sex chromosomes, XX produces a female, and XY produces a male. Males are produced by the action of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome, which contains the code necessary to cause the indifferent gonads to develop as testes (1). In turn the testes secrete two kinds of hormones, the anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone, which instruct the body to develop in a masculine fashion (1). The presence of androgens during the development of the embryo results in a male while their absence results by default in a female. Hence the dictum "Nature's impulse is to create a female" (1). The genetic sex (whether the individual is XX or XY) determines the gonadal sex (whether there are ovaries or testis), which through hormonal secretions determines the phenotypic sex. Sexual differentiation is not drive...
Outsourcing has been around for many years. In this paper I will discuss some of the history of outsourcing, the goods things about outsourcing, and the bad things about outsourcing.
Into the Woods was written by James Lapine with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. The partnership of the two writers came off the break-up of the duo of Sondheim and Hal Prince (Stempel, 544). Sondheim recalls how the difference impacts his writing and what comes out of the creative process as a whole:
[4] Gupta, Sachin. For a global software company, outsourcing began at inception . World Paper. April 19. 2004 http://www.worldpaper.com/2004/april/april4.html
Outsourcing is a technique for companies to reassign specific responsibilities to external entities. There are several motivations for outsourcing including organizational, improvement, cost, and revenue advantages (Ghodeswar & Vaidyanathan, 2008).
Typically, XX chromosomes designate females and XY designate males, which both of these will develop into socially acceptable genders of the assigned chromosomes. Although this is mostly correct, there are some variations to the rule in which a person will differ from the assigned chromosomes and have physiological differences that will affect gender identity development. Eliza Dragowski, an assistant professor psychology, writes in a report titled Childhood Gender Identity… Disorder? Developmental, Cultural, and Diagnostic Concerns, "The second path points to anatomical brain differences. It is supported by postmortem examinations of brains of male-to-female transsexuals, which show a typical female-sized portion of the central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminal, a brain area vital in sexual behavior." This proves brain similarities between males and females, which can lead to them becoming transsexuals later in life. Their brain affects how they develop their own gender identity. Furthermore, genetic differences influence a developing identity, "review of the most recent research indicates the presence of various genetic variations that do not cause changes in reproductive anatomical structures but may produce gender-variant identities” (Dragowski). A variation of these genes will have a significant effect on gender since its part of their
A disciplined approach to management eying leading employees, improving the management team and building the business strategy. Instead of treating each problem as a one off. They design systems and structures that make it easier to handle in the future. (Techrepublic, 2015) 2.2. Risk of exposing confidential data: When an organization outsources HR, Payroll and Recruitment services, it involves a risk if exposing confidential company information to a third-party Synchronizing the deliverables: Some of the common problem areas include stretched delivery time frames, sub-standard quality output and inappropriate categorization of responsibilities. At times it is easier to regulate these factors inside an organization rather than with an outsourced partner Hidden costs: Although outsourcing most of the times is cost-effective at times the hidden costs involved in signing a contract while signing a contract across international boundaries may pose a serious threat Lack of customer focus: An outsourced vendor may be catering to the expertise-needs of multiple company at a time. In such situations vendors may lack complete focus on your organization 's tasks. 2.3. 1.Know the
First, corporal punishment in public schools is barbaric because it can cause so much stress in a child who usually experiences this from bullying or child abuse. Brain scans display a structural and biochemical change that affects a child’s social behavior. For example, in an article written by Shen-Li Lee, argues that a “child’s anterior cingulated gyrus (ACG) suffers from cell loss, which affects a child’s ability to moderate and emphasize their fear.” Furthermore, the pathway to their brain is changed in ways that can affect their ability to manage stress, which can lead to the child being impulsive, and aggressive toward other people. In addition states that it “can cause impairment to the brain, which can lead to disorders such as ADHD, depression, impaired attention, etc.”