Malaysian consumed an average of 230 liters of water per person per day. Furthermore, Malaysian’s water consumption per capita per day is alarmingly high and increasingly about 7.6 liters per year (Kerri, 2008). Water plays an important role for humans as natural resource needed for both drinking and irrigation purposed. The increases of population as well as the increase in economic and industrial activities have led to high demand for water. In order to produce potable water, water treatment process must be conducted properly. According to Miller (2009), there are six important treatment processes which are coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, ion exchange, absorption, and disinfection. (Refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
Firstly, water is allowed to undergo coagulation process. The principle of coagulation process is to remove turbidity from the water, microorganisms, chemical in solution, colloidal and suspended solids (Binnie & Kimber, 2002). Turbidity refers to a cloudy appearance of water due to existence of small particles suspended. Hence, no turbidity results in clearer water. The most frequently used coagulants are aluminium sulphate (alum) and iron salts. Basically, most of the dissolved particles in water bear negative charges that have a tendency to repel each other. In order to clump the particles together, alum which consists of positive charges is added. Therefore, negative charges particles magnetize towards the positive charges that resulted in a neutral or lack of charge. When there is no repelling amongst the particles, Van der Waal’s forces assembles the particles. Finally, the particles settled out from the water. However, Pizzi’s (2010) study suggests that the amount of alum added to the water must be in ...
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The key stakeholders are Peter Vyas, the manager of filtration unit and Cynthia Jackson who is the vice president of water management division. Vyas was convinced that the survival of the unit depended upon innovative growth and thus he appointed a technology evaluation team with the responsibility of using technology to solve the problem of obtaining clean water in remote regions, by developing a small-scale oxidation system that enabled waste-water disinfection in small batches. His utmost concern is the technological aspect of developing the product. On the other hand, Cynthia’s perspective was shaped by the marketing angle of the product. She recommended the development of future proposals using a rigorous three phase process which links the markets analysis and technological development to busines...
This is because only a small part of the population, particularly in developing countries, have access to water of acceptable quality. It is estimated that in some countries only 20% of the rural population has water of satisfactory quality. Based on these statistics, it is clear the urgent need for awareness about caring for water use. Almost without realizing it, we are seriously jeopardizing this essential resource, not for us but for our children's children and their generations, aware that in other parts o...
There are several different levels of purification, so the water can be reused for diverse purposes. Through only low levels of purifications treatments water can be reused for landscape, golf courses, and agricultural purposes. After intensive processing waste water can be used to supplement our drinking water supply. At the beginning this process the water is filtered to remove any large pieces in the water. Following that the water is then allowed to sit to and let small items sink to the bottom. For the items in the water that were not filtered out, or were able to sink are filtered out through the use of chemical reactions. The chemical processes used are called flocculation and coagulation. This process is used to clump together the particles that were to light to sink on their own. Some common compounds that are used to carry out these processes are aluminum sulfate, poly-aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, and ferric sulfate. During this process the chemical compounds react with the ions in the water to create precipitates; when the precipitate forms it will gather all of the particles in the water that were not able to sink on their own, and then both of the materials will settle to the bottom of the
Water is a crucial element for human survival and plays an important role in reducing deadly diseases and improving the human health [1]. As the global population increases, there is an increasing demand for clean water supply [1]. However, according to WHO and UNICEF, around 2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services and 340,000 children under five die every year from diarrheal disease [1]. It is crucial to take actions in addressing the global water crisis to satisfy basic human needs and growing demands on world’s water resources for other water uses.
Water desalination is the process of removing salts and minerals from water that has a high concentration of salt dissolved in it, and can therefore not be consumed as drinking water. Desalination of saline water can be achieved by a technique known as reverse osmosis. In osmosis the net movement of solvent molecules occurs from an area of low solute concentration to a more concentrated one through a semi-permeable membrane to balance the concentration of solute on either side of the membrane. However, in reverse osmosis the net flow of solvent is in the opposite direction this can be achieved by applying an external pressure that is great enough to stop osmosis from occurring, this is known as the osmotic pressure. If a pressure greater than
Ultrafiltration is a water purification process that can be used for the removal of particulates and macromolecules from raw water to produce potable and drinking water. They have been used to either replace existing secondary (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation) and tertiary filtration (sand filtration and chlorination) systems employed in water treatment plants. When treating water with high suspended solids, UF is often integrated into the process, utilizing primary (screening, flocculation and filtration) and some secondary treatments as pre-treatment stages. Ultrafiltration processes are currently preferred over traditional treatment methods for the following reasons:
In recent decades, China’s population has rapidly grown which caused rapid economic growth and increased the rate of urbanisation. At present china has one of the fastest urban population growth rate in the world.(UNDP 2013) All this happened along with proceeding environmental destruction and serious water pollution. The growing population of China has a high water demand as well as a lack of sufficient wastewater infrastructure. Those factors result in poor water quality and severe water shortages. In 2002 the rate of municipal wastewater treatment in China was 39.9 percent. (U.S Department of commerce 2005)
Pollution is a global intimidation to the environment and it becomes an alarm word of today’s world. The swift growth of human populations fuelled by scientific developments in health and agriculture has led to a speedy increase in the environmental pollution. Water has a major impact on all aspects of human life, including but not limited to health, food, energy and the economy. The unprecedented inhabitants’ multiplies and the industrial development during the 20th century has not only increased the conventional solid and liquid waste pollutants to critical levels but also produced a range of previously unknown pollution problems for which the society was unprepared. Of the total 220 million deaths per year it was estimated that the causes of death in 12-20 million are due to water and non-fatal infections which is very high(2). The run- off flow is considered to be the freshwater source on which the people depend. The steady flow of fresh water was estimated at 12.700 to 16.000 km3 year which is 4200 km3 per year. It is used for freshwater irrigation, industrial and domestic purposes, and that is estimated to increase by a number of 4350-5200km3 per year . Alternatively, the available fresh water is only 0.5% of the worlds 1.4 billion km3 water, which is also poorly distributed throughout the world (3). There is a limited ability to increase the supply of drinking water due to the
Discuss in detail about the mechanism of each treatment unit in treating the waste water. (Note: which impurities are treated and how they are treated)
Purified water should be prepared using potable water as feed water. Purified water is used as excipients in manufacturing pharmaceuticals and for equipment cleaning, especially product contact surfaces of non-sterile chemicals. Types of purification used to produce this water include Deionisation, Distillation, Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis and Filtration. Purified water must meet ionic organic chemical and microbial requirements. The components that produce, store and circulate purified water must be sanitised and monitored frequently to avoid bio films forming.
around the end of the 19th century, when piped water supplies and the use of flush toilets lead to an increased water consumption, and waste-water production. This led to streams and stagnant pools of wastewater in city streets, causing outbreaks of cholera and other diseases. To tackle this problem, sewer systems were gradually introduced. Later, when this was seen to cause serious water pollution, step by step mechanical wastewater treatment plants, biological treatment for the degradation of organic substances, and tertiary treatment for the removal of nutrients were added to reduce the pollution and resulting eutrophication of the receiving water bodies. These now represent the present state-of-the-art in wastewater treatment. The problems become particularly serious when there is a rapid increase in the urban population.
The more processes done to purify the water the better the water quality for example beaker 5
Increased in population, urbanization, agriculture and industrialization are the reasons behind the downgrade of the water quality in the Philippines. As per Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA, 2014), water contamination’s belongings costs the Philippines roughly $1.3 billion or PHP65.9 billion annually. Greenpeace reported that the water contamination in the Philippines is generally wastewater from the accompanying sources such as Industrial; the metal shifts as per industry like lead, mercury, chromium, cadmium and cyanide; Organic agricultural like rotted plants, dead creatures animal’s excrements, soil spillover and non-natural pesticides and manures; Household sewage contains pathogens that undermine human well-being and life; and lastly the Different sources such as Oil, substance spills or mine and elicit dumping directly or near water sources. (Marrone, R.
People from many developing countries are suffering from the scarcity of clean water, while the rest of the country simply take for granted. Habitants of rural poor communities such as Sub-Saharan Africa, are living in a water stressed environment. Residents of these communities have to walk miles at time just to gather water from streams and ponds, even though the water source may contain water-borne disease that can make them very sick. In the rural places that don’t have access to safe clean water, it is very difficult to prevent the spread of viruses. The consumption of contaminated water can be dangerous for health reasons and several people have passed away from these water-borne diseases. Some of these diseases include Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Giardiasis, and Malaria. These unfortunate diseases are currently the cause of numerous deaths, especially in small children. The availability of clean water can prevent many problems in low income communities. The available resources for clean water are very rare, so these water sources need to pass through a process of water sanitation in order to just be sustainable to drink, “The world’s surface is made up of approximately 80% water, which is an indestructible substance. Of this water approximately 97% is salt water, 2% frozen in glaciers, and only 1% is available for drinking water supply using traditional treatment methods” (Thornton). Therefore, properly treated or disinfected
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.