To be clean or not to be !!!
What is soap??
What is detergent???
SOAP
A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon group and an ionic group COO-Na+
soap
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of the long chain carboxylic acid. A soap molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and hydrogens) with a carboxylic acid on one end which is ionic bonded to metal ions usually a sodium or potassium.
Examples of Soaps Sodium Stearate Sodium Palmitate Sodium Oleate
How to Make Soap??
• Process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalies : saponification.
• Soap is made by heating animal fats or vegetable oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide(NaOH).
• Fat or Oil + NaOH Soap + Glycerol
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Detergents
Advantages:
As detergents are the salts of strong acids, they do not decompose in acidic medium. They can effectively clean fabric even if the water is acidic.
Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water than soaps.
They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
As detergents are derived from petroleum, they save on natural vegetable oils, which are important as essential cooking medium.
Disadvantages:
Many detergents are resistant to the action of biological agents and thus are not biodegradable. Their elimination from municipal wastewaters by the usual treatments is a problem.
They have a tendency to produce stable foams in rivers that extend over several hundred meters of the river water. This is due to the effects of surfactants used in their preparation. Thus, they pose a danger to aquatic
The purpose of this lab was to investigate which additive(s) will create the longest lasting oil-in-water emulsion.
By definition, soap is a mixture of sodium or potassium salts and long chain organic acids. One example of such a soap is Sodium stearate, NaCH3(CH2)16CO2. As you can see, a soap molecule is long. It has a carboxylate group called the head group which is polar and hydrophilic, or water attracting. The tail end is a fatty acid, which is non-polar and hydrophobic, or water repelling. In this way, soap is unique. One end attracts water while the other end pushes it away.
They are also used in a variety of common products and processes. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a strong detergent used for removing oils and grease and is found in many household cleaning products, face and body washes and shampoos.
sulfate is an anionic type of detergent and surfactant found in a variety of shampoos. There are many classes of detergents that clean in different ways. Some other classes such as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, nonionic, and natural surfactants. Anionic detergents are most common surfactants utilized in cleansing shampoos.. They are named for their negatively charged hydrophilic polar group. Anionic detergents are from fatty alcohols and are exceptionally adept at removing sebum from the scalp and hair. Unfortunately, the aesthetics of thoroughly cleaned hair are not well accepted by the consumer. Hair devoid of all sebum is harsh, rough, subject to static electricity, dull, and hair that needs detangling. The art of shampoo formulation is achieving the right balance between hair that is sufficiently clean and hair that is too clean. There are several common detergents categorized within the anionic
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
Antibacterial cleaning agents have fast become a popular alternative to traditional cleaning products. These soaps, shampoos, dishwashing detergents, and toothpastes are marketed as antibacterial products and have become popular household items. In fact 75% of liquid soaps and 30% of bar soaps on the market are considered antibacterial(2). These antibacterial products are so popular because they are intended to decrease bacteria. They wipe out more germs than regular soap. This means that they should decrease a person's chance of getting sick. As Janet Donohue of www.germsmart.com suggests "they kill germs, thus breaking the cycle of infection"(3). In addition to killing germs some antibacterial products are easier to use than traditional soap and water. For example, there are many hand sanitizers that do not require water. A user simply applies the soap to his hands and the dirt "disappears". These products seem magic, but as we know magic does not exist in science.
Through this research I want the community aware of this saponification process and they can learn to make soap with correct ingredient. Hot process method will be used in this experiment to reduce the time needed before the soap can be used (cold process method required six weeks before the soap can be used). I have chosen to make my own soap rather than using commercial soap as it allows me to modify the ingredients for experimental purposes and allow me to acquire new
There are several types of treatment methods present but biological treatment methods have gained much traction in the recent years due to their low operation costs, comparatively benign effects on the environment and their ease of handling and maintenance. Biological wastewater treatment methods can be subcategorized into dispersed growth systems and attached growth systems. Biofilms fall under the latter category (Sehar & Naz, 2016)
Hand sanitizer and soap benefit us in many ways. With these products, you can stop germs from spreading. Maybe someday, somebody will come up with an even simpler solution for killing germs. Until then, keep washing and using hand sanitizer. It is an effective defense against bacteria.
For example, Febreeze is made of molecules called cyclodextrin. When the product is sprayed, the water typically diffuses the odor on contact. This allows the “donut” shaped molecules to soak up the toxins and bacteria that cause the odor.
Laundry detergents have had a great impact on the society since it helps our life in keeping ourselves clean, lessens our job or the use of our energy in cleaning our appliances. Laundry detergents have come a long way since the very first bar soaps, made from animal fat and lye, were offered for sale in the 1700s. In the 1950s, homemakers had more options of fabric care since the introduction of synthetic detergents were placed on the market. However; during the 1970s, the most significant innovation in advanced cleaning was made available to clean specific types of stains. Every detergent manufacturer has secret ingredients and mixtures to produce their specific brands of laundry detergent. Many of these ingredients are extracted from plants,
The most common way in which pharmaceutical waste gets into the environment is disposal through the drainage systems into the wastewater and surface waters. According to Nikolaou et al (2007), the wastewaters of hospitals and municipal buildings are the major contributors to the disposal of human pharmaceutical compounds. Additionally, veterinary pharmaceuticals get disposed into the environment and find themselves among the aquaculture, fields and run offs. The “main contamination pathways” for these drugs are said to be industrial and domestic disposal (Lawrence et al, 2005). Domestic waste is known to be the most consistent method of contamination because people are constantly flushing pills down their toilets or washing them down their sinks. On the contrary, industrial waste tends to be more accidentally disposed becau...
This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away.
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment processes and also the need to reduce the environmental factors make the use of tertiary wastewater treatment important.