Those who told stories in the Middle Ages have been called by many names: minstrel, jongleur, troubadour, trouvère, bard, scôp, gleeman. But what more do we know of those performers of the Middle Ages, and more specifically those of Medieval France? The easy answer is not a lot. However, if we delve deeper into what artefacts remain of medieval society, we are able to fill in the gaps of our knowledge of these integral parts of medieval culture. My goal in this paper is to analyse the presence of the jongleur in a number of texts and images and to look at the inherent difficulties in determining their role both in contemporary medieval society and within the stories they told.
Because these performers were known by so many different names, it is important to distinguish the one from the other. William Quinn and Audley Hall tell us that "Jongleur is the term now commonly used to designate the professional reciter of extended narrative poetry..." . The term minstrel is many times used interchangeably with jongleur, as it will be in this paper; however, minstrel or ménestrel carries with it multiple connotations that jongleur does not. Jongleur is specific to the Middle Ages; whereas minstrel is also used to describe musicians specifically, in addition to the black-faced performers of Vaudeville. Bard, scôp, and gleeman are of Celtic, Scandinavian, and Anglo-Saxon derivation, respectively.
A further distinction that must be made is in social standing. All of the previously mentioned performers were of more or less the same status in society.
The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
The subject’s forearm was prepared by cleaning the surface of their skin (the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle) and the bony prominence of their wrist with an alcohol swab, and the EMG adhesive electrodes where placed on the belly of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. The positive electrode was placed more proximal to the elbow, while the negative electrode was placed more mid-distally. The grounding (noise reducing) electrode was places on the bony prominence of the wrist, and the force transducer was setup to achieve a stable baseline. The subject was then instructed to the support their forearm over the edge of the table or on their leg with the wrist in a semi-flexed position, and when ready squeeze the force grip transducer as hard as possible. For the first/”fast” time interval of the experiment, the subject made ten squeezes as fast as possible with one second per squeeze intervals, and the force onset, EMG onset, difference between force onset and EMG onset, peak EMG amplitude, and peak force amplitude were observed and recorded. The experiment was then repeated for a medium, three seconds per squeeze, and slow, five seconds per squeeze time intervals with the same variables observed and
The book begins with a prologue, in which a letter is sent from a musician working for a cardinal in 1347. It is sent from the papal court of Avignon and is received by some of the musician's ...
As we have learned through our reading, most all bodies skeletal muscles are made up of primarily three types of skeletal muscle fibers, but their proportion differs depending on what action the muscles is doing. For example, type I fibers such as muscles of the neck, back, and leg have a higher proportion. According to Quinn (2014), type I muscles are slower and more effective, they tend fire a lot slower than fast twitch fibers and they fatigue at a much slower rate. Hence, slower twitch fibers are pronounced at helping athletes run marathons and bicycle for hours. Shoulder and arm muscles are not always active but are intermittent in their use; these muscles tend to have a larger amount of tension for uses in throwing and lifting. These muscles have a combination of both type I and type II B fibers. These fast twitch fibers use anaerobic metabolism to create energy and are the "classic" fast twitch muscle fibers that excel at producing quick, powerful bursts of speed. These muscles are used in events such as 100m sprint, basketball, soccer and football. Since this muscle fiber fires at such a high rate of contraction it will fatigue much faster and will not last long before needing to rest.
The muscles in our body perform various functions such as helping with blood circulation, digesting food, and moving parts of the body. The three types of muscles cells found in the body are the cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle cells. The purpose of this lab was to determine the relationship between muscle force and EMG activity, and to examine the effects of muscle size and muscle force. In this lab, we used iWork physiology kit to record the bursts of muscle action potentials during a muscle contraction which is also known as an electromyogram (EMG). We then used this data to compare the maximum muscle force, half-maximum muscle force, and the half- maximum fatigue time to a person’s forearm circumference (muscle size).
A five page paper which analyses a passage from Le Diable au Corps at the beginning of the liaison between the narrator and Marthe, showing how the descrip...
The purpose of experiments 1 and 3 were to determine the relationship between the intensity of EMG activity of a muscle contraction in the dominant and non-dominant arm of the subject. As the consecutive squeezes were stronger, the both the absolute integral of EMG activity and muscle force increases. This is because there is a linear relationship between the absolute integral of force and EMG, however, this is only true when the muscles are activated isometerically (true for this experiment). There are many types of contractions, two main ones are: when the muscle length changes (isotonic), and when it stays the same (isometric). The force produced by muscles depend on its length, velocity of movement and frequency, and when a contraction
During the middle ages, music was not very unique. A single melody, or plainchant, would be sung to words from the Bible or other religious texts. Songs were also performed at castles and marketplaces by composer-poets known as minstrels, troubadours, and trouveres. Composers included the German nun Hildegard von Bingen and the popular French trouvere Blondel de Nesle (Novak). Music either associated with the king and nobles, or it was composed for religious reasons. It was a very limited amount of creativity, only singing about heroism and nobility. Music in France had been influenced by many other European countries. They all shared the same style during that time. The instruments that were used during this time period, included wind, string, and percussion instruments.
The tale of Sleeping Beauty is influenced by oral folklore and various written versions. Today fairytales are told as a domain for the entertainment and teachings of children. In traditional storytelling, peasants transmitted folklore orally around campfires to audiences of mixed ages. However, during the 17th century, peasant tales, such as Sleeping Beauty, were altered by writers like Charles Perrault’s, to appeal to the courts of aristocracy. Thus the characters of Sleeping Beauty adorned a courtly air to appeal to the crown, such as Louis XIV of France. Throughout history, various cultural influences transformed the tale of Sleeping Beauty through the manipulation of various social forces to achieve better entertainment purposes and reflect Christian beliefs and customs. In addition, the moral of the tale conveys a message that women remain passive in hope to marry her true lov...
Throughout Beowulf, lines 1424-1434, language and imagery are used to show the dark, vivid mood that correlates Grendel’s mother’s home. Hrothgar’s men are determined to bring about Grendel’s mother’s demise. When Beowulf and Hrothgar's men first approach the home , "Aeschere's head they found by the flood on the foreland there." Aeschere's head shows how the house displays eerie attributes, with the head lying on a rock. It also evokes the terror involved with defeating Grendel's mother, as she is capable of the supernatural. She is a giant with intelligence,and Beowulf is capable of the supernatural as well. Despite horible first impressions, they ponder upon the setting that further develops the feeling of danger. They move further along
The PowerPoint focused on personality. The creators choose to do this PowerPoint because it related to a lesson they teach in school. One creator is a Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) teacher and the other one is an Instructional Communication Technology (ICT1) teacher. A unit in the creator’s curriculums
The Carolingian Renaissance, a period dated back in the middle Ages was characterized as the rebirth of the education system, culture, and art since ancient Rome. A huge figure who developed an intellectual awareness in these times was Charlemagne. Charlemagne took the throne of the Frankish kingdom. “His reign was based on harmony which developed between three elements: the Roman past, the Germanic way of life, and Christianity”(Kreis). The three major achievements which Charlemagne rose a higher level from ancient Roman times were, Revising the government and court systems, the bartering system, and emphasized on the importance of information and education.
While DOMS does have a negative effect on strength performance, the factors that are associated with DOMS are also potentially important in stimulating muscle hypertrophy. Researchers believe thought that DOMS most likely reflects the body’s response to maximize the training response. Due to the wear and tear on the muscle fibers during exercise, muscle damage happens to be the causing factor for muscle hypertrophy. After exercise, the damage and repair process involves calcium, lysosomes, connective tissue, free radicals, energy sources, and the inflammatory response. Healing process steps that go along with DOMS are important steps in muscle hypertrophy (Kenney et al.,
Women's involvement with medieval music took a variety of forms; they served at times as audience, as participant, as sponsor, and as creator. The evidence for their roles, like that for their male contemporaries, is sporadic at best. Many musical sources have been lost, and those sources that do survive only occasionally provide composer attributions. Information on specific performances is virtually non-existent, and the references to musical performances gleaned from literary allusions must be read critically. Similarly, a work of art portraying a woman musician may be representational or symbolic, or both. Yet despite these handicaps, modern scholarship reveals many ways in which medieval women were engaged with, and enriched by, the music that flourished around them.
She has us follow Orlando’s journey through life, and experience how the genders were approached in the different eras. Also, she constantly reminds the reader that even though Orlando has changed genders, dressed in both male and female clothes, and took male and female lovers, Orlando has always remained the same. Woolf resented the education that she received as a child, her brothers were allowed to attend proper school, but Virginia and her sisters had to stay at home and get home schooled by their parents. Even though her Parents were well educated people, Woolf found the inequality to be extremely