Pre-Raphaelites, a group made up of 19th-century English painters, poets, and critics who's work responded towards the practice of Victorian and neoclassical subject mater by developing bright imitations of religious work. More specifically, "and of the most beautiful are the paintings of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and their followers, bright and clear colours, fair women and themes from myths and legends."(Darkamber 1). The groups source of inspiration came from early Renaissance painters and medieval times. This was up until the time of the famous, well known, Raphael. Raphael was an Italian painter who imitated his teachers work so carefully that it was very difficult to decipher the two. His work also entailed architecture as did the Pre-Raphaelites.
Another group that influenced the Pre-Raphaelites was the Nazarenes. They were young German artists who attempted to incorporate ideas from medieval Christian religion. "The Nazarene's principles were accuracy, a new look at the medieval past and intensity of feeling, both human literary and religious"(Darkamber 1). They formed a brotherhood in Rome which resembled and helped lead to part of the foundation that the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was built on.
The PRB was started by Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1848. William Michael Rossetti, John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt, Frederick George Stephens, James Collinson, and Thomas Woolner were also part of the brotherhood. The group was composed of painters, sculpters, critics and poets.
During their time the PRB started to copy significant styles of painting. Art sometimes is looked at being difficult to understand. The Royal Academy, which was founded in 1768, was the identity of British art which used dark melanc...
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...e PRB, was still acclaimed for his work as a portrait artist in the years to follow and was made president of the Royal Academy in 1896, the last year of his life (McMullins, "PRB", 8).
The Pre-Raphaelites took two forms of art, verbal and visual, used the two together and expressed the beauty in their art more efficiently. The PRB rebelled against the standards set by the contemporaries of the time period. They faced criticism from the Royal Academy, the Public eye, and influential men like Charles Dickens. On the other hand well known art critic John Ruskin defended the PRB’s positive ideas. As for the people of the time, they are today looked back upon as being stuck up and snobbish. Still today the ideas of the Pre-Raphaelites live on. "Thus the Pre-Raphaelites have left few lasting traces on modern thought, literature, art or social organization"(Gaunt 287).
John Singleton Copley was born in 1738 in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother Martha Babcock Amory was married to Richard Copley who died shortly after John’s birth. A couple of years later his mother remarried to Peter Pelham. Peter would prove to be a big influence on John’s early career. Pelham, one of Boston’s top engravers, would teach him the intricacies of printing and give Copley a chance to access a large library of prints to work from. These would later be used in the compositions of paintings like The Return of Neptune (fig1.1) and Mrs. Jerathmael Bowers. At first he borrowed poses and backgrounds from his step father's mezzotints, and tricks of color and modeling from his elders in Boston's portrait-painting fraternity. But he soon found he could go farther by paying scant attention to the modes and strict attention to his models. He would spend up to 100 hours on a portrait wit...
The 18th century is well known for its complex artistic movements such as Romantism and Neo-classical. The leading style Rococo thrived from 1700-1775 and was originated from the French words rocaille and coquille which meant “rock” and “shell”; used to decorate the Baroque gardens1. Identified as the age of “Enlightenment”, philosophers would ignite their ideas into political movements1. Associated with this movement is England’s John Locke who advanced the concept of “empiricism”. This denotes that accepting knowledge of matters of fact descends from experience and personal involvement1. Locke’s concept assisted the improvements of microscopes and telescopes allowing art students in the French academy to observe real life1. Science and experience influenced painting more so in Neo-Classicalism. Locke fought for people’s rights and the power or “contract” between the ruler and the ruled. Reasoning that “the Light in Enlightenment referred to the primacy of reason and intellect…and a belief in progress and in the human ability to control nature”1. Hence, the commence of experimental paintings such as Joseph Wright’s (1734-1797) oil on canvas painting: Fig.1 An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump. This image was developed through science by placing a bird in glass container and pumping air to see the effects it would have on the bird (White cockatoo)1. Throughout the late 18th and early 19th century in Western Europe, Neo-Classical art became the “true Style” and was accepted by the French Revolution under Louis XIV. Neo-Classical art was a reaction to Rococo’s light hearted, humour and emotion filled pieces.
In September 1848, a group of seven men banded together secretly to create the “Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood,” or “P.R.B.” (Whiteley 6). This group included: Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti (1828-1882), John Everett Millais (1829-1896), William Holman Hunt (1827-1910), Thomas Woolner (1825-1892), William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919), James Collinson (1825-1881), and Frederick George Stephens (1828-1907). Though this movement lasted only a few years, these men pulled the art establishment away from the stagnant rules of the Royal Academy by painting works that revitalized religious, moral, and romantic themes, and made them more approachable; firmly grounded in human emotions and reality.
Dorne, Albert. "Is Illustration Art?" Ed. Walt Reed and Roger Reed. The Illustrator in America, 1880-
Renaissance The Renaissance started in Italy in the 14th century. It was referred to as the “rebirth” because it brought back attention to art and science. The Middle Ages were really religion-dominated. The Renaissance turned the attention to individual and worldly experiences; they were the main themes of the Renaissance art movement. Art benefited from the patronage of such influential groups as Medici family of Florence, the Sforza family of Milan and the Popes Julius II and Leo X.
“Known as the Renaissance, the period immediately following the Middle Ages in Europe saw a great revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome” (History). The word Renaissance is French for rebirth (Sachs 7). The origins can be traced back to Italy in the 14th century (History). Florence, Venice, and Rome grew into major centers in art, due to the changes that were occurring during this time (Sachs 7.) Artists across the country were exploring their newfound creativity and for new ways to express these advanced concepts (Sachs 7). The Renaissance was a time for artistic expression, especially through the eyes of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
will be discussing the life of Marie Antoinette (1755-1793) and the impact she had on the French Revolution. This paper will include the actions she took to prompt the revolution, the tendencies and character she reflected as a heroine and Queen and the impact she had on the women’s suffrage movement.
Marie Antoinette is considered an infamous figure in history. She was accused of abusing her privileges and not caring for anyone but herself. In reality however, she cared for her husband, children and the country that she was not born in, but vowed to protect. Rumors were spread about her and she was constantly attacked by commoners; however, she remained calm and strong during her imprisonment. She is still considered the villain in history books because people do not know her real
“The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe” is a story about four siblings, the Pevensies, who discover another world from inside a dresser within their professor’s home. This other world is called Narnia. Lucy, the youngest of the siblings is the first to discover this new world when she enters the dresser and realizes it has no ending point. When she ends up in this cold world she meets a faun named Tumnus. He is in this other world ruled by the White Witch ordered to capture “brothers and sisters of Adam and Eve.” When Tumnus tells Lucy what he has done to other humans, who have entered this secret world, she begs him to spare her life. This weighs heavily on his conscience, and he escorts her back to Earth before anyone finds out she was ever in Narnia and set free. When Lucy comes
March 11, 2011 at 2:46 pm, the north-east coast of Japan suffered a magnitude nine earthquake that resulted in a tsunami. Millions of people were left homeless by the extensive damage. Cities were destroyed and many lives were lost, but worst of all the nuclear reactors in Fukushima could not withstand the powerful forces of the tsunami. Soon after the tsunami struck, millions of tons of radioactive water dumped into the pacific ocean, and onto the land. The destruction of the nuclear reactors has had many effects on the ecosystem, human health, and the economy.
In Marie Antoinette’s Letter to Her Mother, 1773, she writes to her mother about her visit to Paris where she walked with her husband through the Tuileries. From the information at the top of the letter, it’s notable that she was in Versailles at the time she wrote the letter, on the 14th of June, 1773. This letter was written in a time of financial chaos, where the country was bankrupt and looking for solutions to the increasing problems of the three Estates. Antoinette’s husband, Louis XVI, was to replace Louis XV once he passed on, and the people that crowded the Tuileries were looking to him for change, particularly under the rule of an absolute monarchy.
O’Donnell, Sr., Joseph J.. “Art and the French Revolution”. The Eerie Digest, May 2013. Web. 5th May 2013.
At the Tuileries Palace in Paris, Antoinette took Louis XVI’s place meeting with ambassadors and advisers of theirs, and sending out important letters to other European leaders asking for help to save France’s monarchy. Later in 1791, Antoinette and her lover, the Count, made a plan to get the royal family out of France, but that failed. They were sent back to Paris, and Louis XVI had to agree to uphold a new constitution (Biography.com Editors, History.com Staff). However, in late 1792, when France was at war with Austria, many people believed that Antoinette was conspiring with, and funding Austria due to her connections to that country (Covington). A powerful Jacobin leader named Robespierre removed the king and in 1792 after a month of many executions, France’s monarchy was abolished, and a Republic was formed. Marie Antoinette was originally from Austria, so the people The Queen and King were then taken as
Jean Plaidy and John Russell are both Historians who opposed the idea of Marie Antoinette having any responsibility in the invoking nor the starting of the French Revolution. Plaidy and Russell both state that the Dauphin’s only duty to France and her people was to simply bore the country an heir to continue the reign of the Bourbon Dynasty. Thus, the Dauphine’s duties were not to foresee the country’s affairs, organise and implement laws nor take part in government relations, accordingly, Marie Antoinette was not responsible for the French Revolution because firstly, she eventually bore the country and heir and fulfilled her duties and secondly, the country’s affairs such as the laws and how the government operated were never her responsibilities,
In conclusion, the art of the 19th century was composed of a sequence of competing artistic movements that sought to establish its superiority, ideologies and style within the artistic community of Europe. These movements, being Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, ultimately spread far beyond the confines of Europe and made modern art an international entity which can still be felt in today’s artistic world.