Squamura celebensis Roepke is the most important pest among the stem borer on cocoa in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This insect destroy cushion and bark, and the damage may reduce significantly the productivity of cocoa. An experiment was conducted on a farm in Luwu regency to test the effect of treatment with nematodes isolated from cocoa longicorn borer on inhibiting of frass development and on killing of pest above. This treatment was done by spaying of 1000 nematodes to frass with long size of 1-5 cm, long size of 6-10 cm, and long size of 11-15 cm. The nematode was identified as Neosteinerma Nguyen Smart, can persist contantly on frass during two months observation. The linier development of frass stopped after 20 days on frass of 1-5 cm long size, after 40 days on frass of 6-10 cm long size, and after 40 days on frass of 11-15 cm long size, while in each control, frass continue to develop during two month observation. The rate of frass development of 1-5 cm, 6-10 cm, and 11-15 cm was respectively 0.11cm, 0.18 cm, and 0.18 cm per 5 days and in control was successively 0.21 cm, 0.24 cm, and 0.18 cm per 5 days. This decrease and stop of frass development correlate to infection by nematode and death of larvae in stem hole of 73%, 63%, and 62% respectively. These field data support the possibility that entomopathogenic nematode can be used as an S. celebensis management strategy
INTRODUCTION
Squamura celebensis Roepke (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is the most important pest among the stem borer on cocoa in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This insect destroy cushion and bark, and the damage may reduce significantly the productivity of cocoa if the population of borer in one tree is very high and great number of trees are infested (Khoo et al...
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...4). The application of this nematode can reduce or stop the development of frass of different long size. The linier development of frass stopped after 20 days on frass of 1-5 cm long size, after 40 days on frass of 6-10 cm long size, and after 40 days on frass of 11-15 cm long size, while in each control, frass continue to develop during two month observation. The rate of frass development of 1-5 cm, 6-10 cm, and 11-15 cm was respectively 0.11cm, 0.18 cm, and 0.18 m per 5 days and in control of each treatment , the rate of frass development was successively 0.21 cm, 0.24 cm, and 0.18 cm per 5 days (Fig. 1,2,3). These decrease of frass development and its rate correlate to inhibition and death of insect by nematode with respectively 71% of death for borer in frass of 1-5 cm, 63% in frass of 6-10 cm, and 62% in frass of 11-15 cm and no death on each control.
The sowbugs remained in the damp soil for 34 minutes, and the dry soil for a short 6 minutes (Table 1). The sowbugs remained in the damp soil 85% of the time, as opposed to 15% on the dry soil (Table 1). These results suggest that moisture was a causative agent in environment preference for the sowbugs (Table 1).
..., Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, Available from Journal of Insect Physiology. (46 (2000) 655–661)Retrieved from http://www.units.muohio.edu/cryolab/publications/documents/IrwinLee00.pdf
To conduct the experiment, the beetles were massed, then attached to a petri dish with a 30 centimeter piece of dental floss. The beetle’s mass was the independent variable. Afterwards, the floss was tied to the beetle’s midsection with a slip knot. Then, the beetle was placed on a piece of fabric with the petri dish attached to it. As soon as the beetle was able to move with one paperclip inside the petri dish, more were added, one by one, until it could not move any further. After the beetle could not pull any more, the paperclips were massed and the results were recorded. The dependent variable was the mass that the beetles could pull. No control group was included in this experiment.
It’s not the latest comic book super villain that we’re worried about, here in Northwest Ohio. No, it’s a little green beetle that, since 2003, has been munching its way through our neighborhoods and Metroparks. The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) feasts on our Ash trees, leaving us little choice but to spray a bright red stripe or “X” on the trunks of the mortally wounded flora.
ImageText BoxImageOne of the biggest threats to the environment of Ontario is the Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar dispar). The species itself is native to Europe and Asia. How this affects us is by weakening trees across Ontario and North America. The first time the gypsy moth was found in Ontario was 1969. The gypsy moth can be found in southern Canada (Ontario), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and British Columbia. It is known to weaken trees and the caterpillar form live in trees and during most outbreaks its caterpillar feces would fall from the trees to the ground or even on top of humans. The average Gypsy Caterpillar can grow 5-6 centimeters long. With five pairs of blue spots and six pairs of bright red dots on their back. The female moth are white and can fly on the other hand, the male moth are brown and can also fly. The female have a 5cm wing span but male have a 2.5cm wing span. The gypsy moth usually lives in open forests and other forests and take up at least 20% of the space. The Gypsy moth are about 4cm long, tan coloured and can be located on tree trunks, furniture, and buildings. (OFAH Invading Species Awareness Program, 2012)
However, evidence such as fossils is more than enough to lend support and disprove any other theory to the development of species. Examples used by Root-Bernstein and McEachron also provide strong support to evolution. The authors detail how natural selection works in both insects and germs to create organisms better adapted to methods of control. Disease used to run rampant, until the creation of vaccines which led to many diseases becoming extinct. Root-Bernstein and McEachron note that the diseases that have survived to this day have been constantly mutating and evolving to become more resistant to any attempts at suppression. The same can be said for insects that have been consistently exposed to pesticides. The ones that survived the pesticides were able to reproduce and pass along a resistance to their offspring which in turn makes the species more resilient and better suited to their
...l, Ted E., and Bruce W. Wood. "Movement of adult pecan weevils Curculio caryae within pecan orchards." Agricultural & Forest Entomology 10, no. 4 (November 2008): 363-373. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 18, 2012).
Smith, R.H. (1963). Toxicity of pine resin vapors to three species of Dendroctonusvbark beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology 56: 827-831
In 1996, the Asian Longhorn Beetle made its way into the New York and New Jersey creating the decimation of the forests. The Asian Longhorn Beetle has so far caused the cutting of over 10,000 trees in New Jersey, and quarantine of 109 miles in New York today . The spread of this foreign beetle has created great impacts on the environment. The Asian Longhorn Beetle is an invasive specie, a harmful specie from another locations, mainly other countries, that has ended up in a foreign habitat. As time has progressed, invasive species have continued to come into our environment more frequently creating many unforeseen consequences. The relationship of invasive species within the United States’ environment and ecosystem has been changing ever since the arrival of the Europeans in the 1700s to present day. Due to these encounters with other species whether harmful or neutral, the majority, if not all, of the United States has been affected with the threatening encroachment of native species due to the industrialization of waterways and transportation.
The main reason for studying forensic entomology is to establish the time since death. Recognizing each species and their life stages as well as having knowledge about how long an insect is in a particular life stage is the basis for establishing a PMI. The use of forensic entomology is a growing area of research, which will become more prevalent as more research on the subject is completed. This is important in criminal cases in providing a time range for when the crime occurred so that it is possible to narrow the possibility of each suspect or to acquit the defendant.
Perry, D. A. (1998). The Scientific Basis of Forestry, Annual Review of Ecology and System Thematic 29:435-466, Retrieved July 9, 2005 from: http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/policy/policy_and_events/index.cfm
Forensic entomology is the study of insects and arthropods and their relation to a criminal investigation. Forensic entomology can determine the postmortem interval (PMI) or how long since the descendants’ death, whether the body has been moved since expiring, and what injuries may have been sustained (Ryan, 2011). When decomposition begins, insects establish a colony to lay eggs on the remains; these eggs will hatch into larvae that will eat the human organs and tissues. Forensic entomologists can determine the specific insects present in the body and estimate how long a body has been left exposed by examining the stage of development of the fly larvae; however, these findings are not always plausible. The fly larvae look and act different at each stage of development. The time required for stage development is not only affected by environmental influences such as geographical location, climate, and weather conditions, but also by type of insect. The forensic entomologist must consider these conditions when estimating the postmortem interval. Knowledge of insects, their life cycles, and their habits make entomological evidence a priceless tool for an investigation. Forensic entomology has proved its significance in a number of cases; though circumstances such as weather, temperature, and time of year clearly affect the development of insect infestation, and the expert must keep these in the forefront of his/her mind (Innes, 2000).
Cocoa production is predicted of getting shortage of supply in 2020 (Nelson, 2017). The famous chocolate drink that Malaysian drink daily, Milo contains cocoa. Other than Milo, Koko Krunch, Nestle Crunch Wafer, KitKat are also mainly made from cocoa. Nestle as a company which largely depends on cocoa bean for its products, will become one of the victim of this cocoa supply risk. The biggest cocoa producer in the world, Ivory Coast, is facing the problem of diseases infected in cocoa plant, frequent rain, and buyers forcing producers to sell cocoa at very low price (The Guardian, 2014). In Malaysia and Indonesia, cocoa plantations are threatened by a tiny moth named as cocoa pod borer which eat the seed (Nelson, 2017).. These pests has cost cocoa
Pest infestation can put your food product and your health at risk because the pest introduce the bacteria that can contaminate the food and cause diseases. Pest such as flies, cockroaches, rat, mice, birds, ants are the main sources of food contamination. There are a lot of measures can be taken to control the pest. Windows and doors in a food preparation area or food premises that open from time to time to the outside should be screened and repair the defects in the building wall, crack in the windows and gaps around the pipes. This is to prevent the access of the pests. Besides that, electronic fly killers should be installed to control flies that can spread pathogens to our food and cause food poisoning. This device works by attracting the flying insects to a blue ultra-violet light and then electrocuting them. Moreover, using of fly spray is not allowed to kill the pest because fly spray may contain some chemicals, and will cause some possible contamination to the food stuff. In addition, regular checking and inspecting for the signs of pests like rodent droppings, insect egg cases and dead insects should be carried out in order to keep them out of the food preparation and storage area. Moreover, a licensed pest controller can be hired to visit the food premises regularly. Furthermore, all the food areas should be kept in a clean condition. Food spillages should be avoided as it may attract pests.
In parts of the Southern United States, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), often can be observed infesting grain sorghum that was planted later than normal. The infestations occur during the vegetative stages of development (Gardner et. al 1983). In North and South America, the fall armyworm is highly distributed (Sparks 1979). In crops such as cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), corn, (Zea mays), and many pasture grasses, it is considered an important pest and often needs to be controlled. Infestation during mid to late whorl stages can reduce grain yield, increase tillering, and decrease plant height (Henderson et al. 1966). Feeding injury fr...