Physostigmine is a white crystalline alkaloid extracted from the beans of Physostigma Venenosum plant. The poisonous effects of Physostigma Venenosum have been known since nineteenth century. William Freeman Daniel was the first scientist who observed the first use of calabar beans. He traveled to Africa with a exploring discovering mission. Somehow, he ended up at the Old Calabar near the Niger river. He observed the people, the culture, they way of life that they were lived in, and government. He documented everything that he saw at the Old Calabar. Interestingly, he noticed that justice system was harsh. The documented that court was composed of the king and several chiefs and Calabar beans were used as a justice system.
He said, if the person judged guilty, he/she was forced to undergo an ordeal called “chopping nut”. The beans were crushed, and then soaked in water until a creamy white fluid resulted. The guilty person was required to drink this fluid and then made to walk around until the poison took effect. If the person died, this was considered proof of his or her guilty. If the person happened to vomit up the poison before it took effect, he or she was then considered to be innocent and set free. Can this ordeal really distinguish between the guilty and the innocent? The answer will be no. According to Walter Sneader, “If the person confident of his innocence might have swallowed the ordeal poison rapidly, and which could have overwhelmed his stomach and causing vomiting; where as guilty person, fearing to face the test, might have held the liquid in his mouth, facilitating buccal absorption of the alkaloid or swallowed it slowly”. It has also been proposed that the chief who administered the poison might have prede...
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...involuntary twitching of muscles. The mechanism underlying the toxic effects is that physostigmine targets the acetylcholinesterase and inhibits its activity, which inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, so increased acetylcholine will be useful to treat cholinergic disorders. Physostigmine, as a tertiary amine and can easily crosses blood-brain barrier. It is a soluble lipid and able to cross-placental barrier mainly by passive diffusion. It is rapidly absorbed from GI tract, subcutaneous tissues and metabolized largely destroyed in body.
Physostigmine is the antidote for atropine poisoning. Currently, physostigmine salicylate is used for glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, scopolamine, and myasthenia gravis. FDA only approved the treatment of Glaucoma for the adults. In addition, in the case of poisoning, FDA approved Physostigmine for both adults and pediatrics.
Physostigmine is a drug used for the treatment of severe anticholinergic syndrome. Such as nervous delirium, urinary reten...
Other similar altercations were declared by the neighbors gaining support for the Wescot case. There could be a natural explanation for both sudden deaths, but the timing of the two situations increased suspicion. The ministers had this and more evidence for the case, but unlike the Salem witch trials, they wanted to treat the case fairly and bring justice to the people with enough proof to convict the witches as such. Mister Jones had a guide called “Grounds for Examination of a Witch” (91), which listed seven items for “legitimate grounds for formal inquiry following an accusation of witchcraft.” (91) Proper investigations were processed to determine the veridity of the facts presented at court. People had different ideas on how to prove witchcraft. One of the methods was “ducking [which] involved binding suspects and then throwing them into water to see if they sank or not.” (97) This was a common method, at the time, to determine whether or not the accused was guilty of witchcraft. Both women failed to sink. Nevertheless, the method was not approved by the court of Stanford. As they reasoned, they came to the conclusion that the devil may have had invention and “the devil may represent an innocent person.” (100) The men in
Incapacitating agents, in some form, have been experimented with since as early as 600BC when Greek King Solon ordered his troops to throw Hellebore roots into streams that provided water for his enemies. King Solon’s goal was to incapacitate the enemy with diarrhea. Then in 200BC an officer in Hannibal’s army, Maharbal, poisoned wine with Mandragora and left if for the uprising tribes in Africa he was facing. The tribe greedily drank the wine and the Maharbal either killed or captured the disabled enemy soldiers. In one incident in 1672 the Bishop of Muenster used grenades filled with Belladonna; however ...
Scopolamine is an alkaloid drug derived from plants in the Solanaceae family. This family of plants are called nightshade plants, and some examples are henbane and jimson weed. The chemical formula of scopolamine is C17H21NO4. Brand names include Scopoderm and Transderm-V. The medication works as an antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by blocking the acetylcholine-mediated nerve impulses that travel to the inner ear. The inner ear is where the sense of balance is regulated in humans. Acetylcholine (Ach) is a major transmitter found in the autonomic ganglia that allows neurons to communicate for sensory input and muscle control. Muscarinic receptors are vital in the control of the central nervous system (CNS) and also parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal processes. By blocking the action of these receptors, a result is possible impaired central and peripheral nervous system functioning. Inhibiting this functioning could also cause tachycardia, which can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or angina (chest pain).
Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that share a vast history, and were used for spiritual and religious practices since the prime of early civilization. They are referenced in the Hindu holy book, Rig Veda, the healing rituals of the Aztecs of Pre-Columbian Mexico, and are often attributed to the illicit practices of those prosecuted during the Salem Witch Trials. The first synthetic hallucinogens were discovered by a Swiss chemist named Albert Hoffman in 1938, and were originally manufactured to psychiatrists to help their patients access repressed emotions. Other uses considered for early hallucinogens included ingestion by doctors to better understand schizophrenic patients, and as an antibiotic. Their recreational use peaked in the 1960s, but began to decline after they were declared illegal in 1966, except in Native American churches where hallucinogens continued to be used as a spiritual tool. Though their popularity is not as prevalent as it had been in the “hippie movement”, their use continues to be recorded within a minority of the high school and college aged population.
In this court there were three different choices. One choice was trial by fire which the accused had to pick up a red hot iron bar and leave court. After three days they had to return to the court and the bandages were removed. If the wound started to heal they were innocent but if it did not heal they were pronounced guilty. Ordeal by water was when the accused had their hands and feet tied together. They were then thrown into water. If they floated they were guilty but if they sank they were innocent. Finally trial by combat was were noblemen would fight (usually to the death) with their accuser and the winner would be crowned right.
Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is found in common cold, non-prescription medications. This ingredient has been used as part of the process for making methamphetamine (meth). PSE was easily obtained until a law was passed to control how obtainable it is. Although this law has caused PSE to be harder to obtain, it does not make it difficult to obtain resulting in meth still being created easily. There is a need to federally regulate the obtainability of PSE such as making it a prescription drug.
The Opium Wars between Great Britain and China in 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 with the French joining forces with Great Britain led to social, economic and political changes in China, specifically the Qing Dynasty. The Opium Wars documented by Lieutenant John Ouchterlony, an Indian Army Officer of Madras Engineers, in “The Chinese Wars: an account of all the operations of the British Forces” gives a first-hand look into many of the events he witnessed before, during and after the wars. The action in the book ranges from Hong Kong, Canton, Shanghai, and later in Nanking where the Chinese are compelled to sign a treaty to end the First Opium War. From an unbiased perspective, which criticizes, yet praises both sides, Ouchterlony is able to portray the events that transpired in vivid detail through his words along with illustrations throughout the book. The details portrayed by Ouchterlony prior to the first war, explains how China could have easily prevented such disaster and embarrassment from occurring and tarnishing their image.
The confirmation of credible and authoritative sources such as the medical expert’s affidavit and information reported by the Atlanta Journal Constitution are components of the essay that add validity and sustenance to Shemtob and Lat’s argument. Inductive reasoning is again used to explain to the reader that although executions are performed in the same manner on different individuals patterns of violent effects are not present as acknowledged by “Mr. DeYoung although executed in the same manner as Roy Blankenship who exhibited violent signs in death did not exhibit the same signs”
Hallucinogens: a general group of pharmacological agents that can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. Hallucinogenic drugs have played a role in civilization for thousands of year. It began with naturally occurring hallucinogens, such as the peyote cactus plant and wild mushrooms. Now there are man made drugs that have the same or more intense affects. These include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), MDMA (ecstasy), and dextromethorphan (DMX, often found in cough syrup). Within this essay, I will cover the history, production, and affects of hallucinogenic drugs.
Since the 1930’s LSD has been a topic of discussion. LSD is known as one of the most controversial drugs ever created. Everything about the drug is mysterious and does not follow the norm of society. Users of LSD are people from solid middle- and upper-class backgrounds. They have many opportunities to pursue higher education and to have successful careers (Petechuk 9). To most, this statistic would seem unearthly, but LSD is notorious for giving keen insights to life, which is the main interest for consumers. The components of LSD are lysergic acid and diethylamide. LSD is often classified as a synthetic drug because it is produced only in a laboratory (Petechuk 10). Addiction is a recurrence for many drugs with the exception of LSD. “LSD is not considered an addictive drug because it does not produce the same compulsive drug-seeking behavior as cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, alcohol, or nicotine” (Everything).
Hallucinogens or psychedelics are mind-altering drugs, which affect the mind’s perceptions, causing bizarre, unpredictable behavior, and severe, sensory disturbances that may place users at risk of serious injuries or death. Hallucinogens powerfully affect the brain, distorting the way our five senses work and changes our impressions of time and space. People who use these drugs a lot may have a hard time concentrating, communicating, or telling the difference between reality and illusion. Hallucinogens cause people to experience - you guessed it - hallucinations, imagined experiences that seem real. The word "hallucinate" comes from Latin words meaning, "to wander in the mind."
These microglial cells then induced inflammation in the cerebellum, which resulted in the learning and coordination problems (Rettner para.5). Considering it is nearly impossible to test for the drug it poses a control problem.
The effects of peyote are quite strong, and cause an array of feelings and emotional perceptions. According to www.xs4all.nl;
Thalidomide is 90 years of aspartame, a.k.a. NutraSweet, Finn, Zero Cal, and other trademarks. The text of the American researcher Barbara Alexander Mullarkey was aired on the Internet by Betty Martini and his original can be found in http://www.dorway.com. This is a free radical for the Portuguese, made by me, Beatriz Medina in July 1996.