Synchronous Optical Network or better known as SONET has been around for about two decades, however the design and development of SONET dates all the back to the early 1980’s. It was introduced as a much needed update to the tried and true T1 technology that was developed in the early 1960’s. Although T1 was ahead of its time in the 1960’s, giving users the ability to transmit voice and eventually data and video traffic at speeds of 1.544Mbps, it was quickly becoming a technology that needed an update. T1 utilized a basic two wire copper connection that was limited in both distance and quality of service due to interference. Much like T1, SONET was designed to be a fast, effective means to transport, multiplex, and switch digital signals for both voice and data to and from users' applications. As the communications world continued to expand and more and more people were trying to transmit voice and data, copper wiring became less and less effective. It was becoming very costly to install and maintain copper backbones that consisted of hundreds if not thousands of cables. On top of the cost copper is also susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI), crosstalk and is limited in the distance data can travel over it. Any amount of electrical spike from a simple thunderstorm or other cables that are too close to the copper lines would cause interference that could be felt on the receiving end. When fiber optics was introduced as a replacement for copper it resolved these issues, you could now send multiple streams of data over a thin glass core that was not effected by EMI. When fiber first appeared companies instantly started to compete over who had the best most complex system to pass data over fiber optics. Although t... ... middle of paper ... ... (n.d.) SONET/SDH and the Generic Frame Procedure (GFP) Connection-Oriented Networks: SONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS and Optical Networks Retrieved from Warren, Dave and Hartmann, Denis (2003, Aug 26) Cisco Self-Study: Building Cisco Metro Optical Networks Retrieved from http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/networking/cisco/1587050706/configuring-ons-15454-and-ons-15327/ch05lev1sec2 Lauer, Carolyn (2003) Atomic Clocks What Time is it, Really? Retrieved from http://www3.nd.edu/~techrev/Archive/Winter2002/a4.html (n.d) Tektronix Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Tutorial Retrieved from http://www.gta.ufrj.br/seminarios/semin2004_1/sonet/files/sonet.pdf Synchronous. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synchronous Asynchronous. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asynchronous
Sonance is a well-established company providing high quality customized speakers for in-home entertainment. After launching their Sonance 1 model, they progressed into multi-room amplification and eventually designed the first built-in system that would support the iPod. Operating as a lean organization with only 60 employees, they relied heavily on a network of dealer and installer word-of-mouth advertising. By 1999 Sonance had reached $46 million in sales. Similar to other companies affected by innovations in technology, Sonance was forced to change strategic direction in the early 2000’s. The newly acquired leadership needed to redefine marketing efforts in response to increasing low cost competitors. Major
The urgency of communication was never much felt until the beginning and use of telegraphy. It was much easier to transmit and receive messages over long distances that no longer needed physical transport of letters.
In this paper we will examine the network configuration used at MKS Instruments. The areas covered will range from the network infrastructure, how it is implemented and how it is used. This paper will also include the technology, hardware involved and a small scale network diagram example.
Like a lot inventions in the past two centuries, modern fibre optic cable was created for military uses. The manager for Copper Cable and Wire at the US Army Signal Corps was getting more displeased with the amount of signal loss that was due to copper cable.
The new technology expanded words per minute. The words transferred per minute were up to a 1,000. It usually ranged to 25-40. Even when Thomas Edison was improving the telegraph he made new ones. People during the wars used the telegraph. This telegraph changed the world for people with hearing problems because he had them. He tried to work around his disadvantage. When trying to make the telegraph better, he managed to make another based on his perforated pen, that needed no one to tap out the message at the receiving end. Thomas Edison helped a lot of people. During World War 2 people used telegraphs to send messages to each other. Overall, Thomas Edison made the world more advanced and better for people who had disadvantages with
By 1950, 70 cable systems served 14,000 subscribers nationwide. In late 1950s, when cable operators began to take advantage of their ability to pick up broadcast signals from hundreds of miles access to these "distant signals" changed the focus of cable's role from one of transmitting local broadcast signals to one of providing new programming choices.
Networks are designed in a number of ways, based on the geographical area, the technology used, user group specific, application based etc. But we can roughly categorize the communication networks in 2 broad categories, based on transmission: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless.
...re optic cable systems will provide African retail carriers with equal and open access to inexpensive bandwidth, removing the international infrastructure bottleneck as well as supporting East and Southern African economic growth.
This will give us the advantage of sending very large pieces of information over the phone line. The only thing that we do know about the telephone, is that it has come a long way since its first discovery by the inventor Alexander Graham Bell. A man who will always be remembered.
Fiber optic technology has opened the door to many more communication opportunities for the world today. It provides higher fidelity long distance telephone conversations, as well as secure communication systems. Today, more than 90% of the United States long-distance traffic is already carried over optical fiber; more than 15 million miles have been installed, virtually all of it using the original design.
Over the last couple of years Network connection methods have been growing better and better so that the internet is easier to access and much more convenient. About 10 years ago it would have been hard to play games on the computer because of the speed of the connection and signals were received slower, But now days you don’t have to wait for a video to load or to receive a message from across the world. Below I have listed three different types of connections and explained their how they work.
On March 10th, 1876, a revolutionary invention was created by Alexander Graham Bell. The telephone was invented to send vibrations from one receiver to another electrically (History.com ‘Speech Transmitted by Telephone’ accessed on March 11, 2014), and due to Alexander Graham Bell accidentally discovering that he could hear the sound of a ‘clock spring twanging’ (Marry Bellis, ‘The History of the Telephone’ accessed on March 11, 2014), that was possible. The invention of the telephone permitted new levels of communication, allowed families connect around the world, and improved military systems, but also served negative consequences, such as breached privacy. If two people wanted to have a conversation, they would have to write letters back and forth, but with the telephone they were able to pick up the receiver, dial the number, and be connected in a matter of minutes. Telephones enabled long-distance communication, which allowed families to converse despite their location. Military officials and soldiers were also able to stay in touch through field telephones as well as keep contact with the president. Although telephones were originally placed in general stores or other major city locations and homes/neighborhoods that were wired (Elon.edu ‘World Changes Due to the Telephone’ accessed on April 2, 2014), telephones became commonly used in homes in the early twentieth century when telephones began to connect internationally.
In its primitive days, the telephone was all but cumbersome. It means when someone was to make a call, the caller had to go through an operator to connect the caller to another party. The telephone was also better at receiving than transmitting. The microphone was not sensitive enough. There were also switchboards in which an operator had to manually remove one socket to connect to another. As the demand of telephone use grew, the need to replace the switchboard system had to be done.
Fiber optics is a new technology that uses rays of light instead of electricity to transmit information over optical fibers at very high speeds. The optical fibers are usually thin strands of glass that are combined into cables and used to send information and computer data in the form of pulses of light. The optical fibers provide much clearer transmission than conventional copper cable and satellite links. The world market for optical fiber continues to grow rapidly, with shipments increasing 14 percent from an estimated 7.0 million kilometers of fiber in 1990 to approximately 8.0 million in 1991. The demand for multimode fiber is predicted to continue to expand through the mid-1990s, with some market analysts indicating that 15 to 20 percent annual growth over the next three years is reasonable. Strong demand is expected for singlemode and multimode fiber to be used in cables for local area networks, telecommunications, cable television (CATV), and transoceanic fiber-optic systems.