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antecedents for the emergence of cognitive psychology
emergence of cognitive psychology
emergence of cognitive psychology
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Cognitive science, in the study of how organisms process information as well carry out life functions. The study of Cognitive science is said to have been originated in the 1940's and 1950's when researchers in various fields of science began to develop theories on the mind based on "complex representations and computational procedures" (Thagard, Cognitive Science). There are numerous branches of science whose theories contributed to the development of Coginitive Science. These subdivisions include cybernetics, theoretical computer science, linguistics, experimental pyschology, and neuroscience.
Cybernetics, a term used by Norbert Wiener is the study of control and communication in animals as well as machines (Lu, Definition of Cognitive Science). Some key events that took place in the 1940's and 50's within the branch of cybernetics that contributed to the advancement of Cognitive Science were two article's, "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology" by Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener, and Julian Bigelow and "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts both published in 1943. These articles discussed regulatory processes. These articles stimulated conferences about Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems and took place between the years of 1944 and 1953. To many, one of the most important events in the development of Cognitive science took place in 1948. This was the year that Norbert Wiener published his book "Cybernetics" (Jogasurya, Origin of Cybernetics).
Alan Turning was an english mathematician heavily involved in the development of theoretical Computer Science. In 1936, Turing invented what is known as the Turing machine. A Turing machine is hypothetical device that represents how computation is done. All computational processes can be abstractly described using a Turing machine.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Before the 1950's, linguistics was broken down into two main catagories, historical linguistics and structural liguistics.
As a linguist the question of what makes a language a language is a very important concept.
Wiener, Norbert, Cybernetics: Or control and communication in the animal and the machine (Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Pr, c 1961).
The first major cognitive theorist was Jean Piaget, a Swiss scientist. Piaget discovered Cognitive Theory which is the theory that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to Cognitive Theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs and behaviors and to understand human behavior one must understand thinking. (Berger, p. 46, 47) Piaget developed the idea that cognitive development occurs in four periods including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Each of these is relevant to certain cognitive processes at certain stages of development. The sensorimotor stage is the first of the four stages and ranges from birth to two years old. This is when infants use their senses and motor skills to understand the world. Preoperational is the age period from two to six years old and this is when kids start to use their imaginations and think very much about their own selves, causing them to view the world from their own individual perspective. The concrete operational period occurs from ages six to eleven and this is when children start to think logically and rationally throughout experiences but their thought process is limited only to
Furthermore, the subfield of cognitive psychology relates to the subfield of forensic psychology; cognitive psychology is the study of the mind and mental function such as memory, attention, perception, reasoning, and decision-making (The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and Questions [APA], n.d.). They are similar because in the field of forensic psychology studies that were conducted by Cattell and Stern both have to do with memory. According to Yarmey (2001) Hugo Munsterberg argued that because experimental psychology concerns itself with the scientific study of human behavior and experience, the results of laboratory studies on human perception and memory should be especially relevant to American courts ' evaluations of witness
Technology has been changing through the decades from the invention of the computer to the smartphone. It is how most people in today’s society tend to accomplish things and interact with others because of their busy lives. The idea of technology can be based around a concept known as cybernetics. Cybernetics basically means being able to look at things from a scientific point of view. For this purpose, is that knowing technology and how it can relate to cybernetics will be based on the following areas. These areas include the double bind theory, feedback, systems and subsystems and
The field of psychology is a discipline, originated from many branches of science. It has applications from within a complete scope of avenues, from psychotherapy to professional decision-making. The flexibility and versatility of this field reflects its importance and demands in-depth analysis. Psychology was a division of philosophy until it developed independent scientific disciplines. The history of psychology was a scholarly study of the mind and behavior that dates back to the beginning of civilization. There are important details from previous theory psychologist, research have contributed to behaviorism approaches and have contributed towards specific current behavioral practices. Contemporary behavior therapy began to emerge into distinct practical and core learning theories concerning the needs and knowledge engaging cultural and professional differences.
Biological and cognitive are both different theoretical perspectives. They both have unique differences. The biological and cognitive approaches differ in their view on the nature versus nurture debate. The biological approach focuses on nature rather than nurture. It believes that behavior is determined by internal physiological processes such as the structure and functions of the neurons, hormones, DNA and structure of the brain. The cognitive perspective goes into the domain of mental processes to understand human nature. This perspective shows how we learn, make decisions, use language, plan for future, and form judgments.
To provide the necessary context for the design of the Turing Machine, one must study the history of its creator, Alan Turing. He was born on June 23, 1912, in the city of London. Although a very wise child,
The cognitive revolution represents a diametric turn around in the century’s old treatment of mind and consciousness in science, such as the contents of conscious experience, whose subjective qualities were being discarded as mere causal epiphenomena (Sperry 1993). This paradigm shift brought with it alternative beliefs about the ultimate nature of things thereby bringing forth new answers to some of humanities deepest questions. The key assumption of cognitivism is that people have different mental states each of which can lead to a different response. The manipulation of these different states can be described in terms of algorithms all of which has become the defining paradigm of psychology (Sperry 1993)
Alan Turning is known to be a pioneer of many facets of the computer age. The digital computer, artificial intelligence, memory subroutines, the Turning Machine, the Turing Test, and the application of algorithms to computers are all ideas somehow related to this man.
Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a person’s thought process. Cognitive theory influences how one understands and interacts with the world. Cognitive Theorist Paiget, proposed an idea that served information on the development to account for the steps and sequence of children’s intellect differently than adults. This paper will compare and contrast the 3 cognitivist theories: Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Vygotsky’s Socio Cultural Cognitive Theory and the Information Processing Approach in Kermit and the Keyboard.
There is no one way to learn! Throughout life is faced with many different learning experiences. Some of these experiences have made a better impact than others on different people. At one time in everyone’s life one has seen or have been the child who will attempt to read a single page from a book and become so frustrated and disorientated because she or he does not comprehended nor can one retell what one has just read. This was me, the child who struggled and just did not understand what I was reading. My teachers would present reading material and I would have to read it countless times and sometimes still I did not understand what the reading passage was about. However, with time I started to develop step by step process to help me better understand what I was reading, and finally it all came together. One way to help things to come together for a person is through the Cognitive Theory. The Cognitive Theory presents different theories for the way that one can be taught in different subjects, the different types of learners, and advantages of understanding the process in which one can go through to learn better.
Artificial intelligence is a concept that has been around for many years. The ancient Greeks had tales of robots, and the Chinese and Egyptian engineers made automations. However, the idea of actually trying to create a machine to perform useful reasoning could have begun with Ramon Llull in 1300 CE. After this came Gottfried Leibniz with his Calculus ratiocinator who extended the idea of the calculating machine. It was made to execute operations on ideas rather than numbers. The study of mathematical logic brought the world to Alan Turing’s theory of computation. In that, Alan stated that a machine, by changing between symbols such as “0” and “1” would be able to imitate any possible act of mathematical
Linguistics is the science of a language. Linguists depend on the use of certain aspects in order to analyse, describe and explain a human language; these aspects include semantics and pragmatics.