Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a test used widely in clinical setting to analyse the release of insulin and insulin resistance in the body. However, since the sensitivity of insulin and insulin resistance is inter-dependent on each other and it is uncertain to what degree sensitivity of insulin and insulin resistance can be predicted (Stumovill et al 2000). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a measure of how the blood glucose is metabolised in the human body with the use of a sugar called ‘glucose’ which serves as an important source of energy to the body (Hillson, 2002). More importantly, fasting glucose and fasting insulin are the two main variables used in population-based assessment .There are two type of glucose tolerance test:
These tests are conducted and more often the diagnoses are compared against the standard set by the World Health Organisation on diabetes. The oral glucose tolerance test is mainly used in pregnant women who have gestational diabetes (diabetics mellitus) a hormonal change that occurs as a result of the placenta resistance to insulin during their 24-28th weeks of pregnancy, pre-diabetes which can also be referred to as, a borderline diabetic that can be distinguished when a blood glucose level is higher than normal insulin resistance and hypoglycaemia (Beckett et al, 2013). Similarly, this occurs in obese patients and individuals with non-healing skin infections or patients with family history of
Couple with that, there are factors that affect the blood glucose concentration in an individual, this factor includes: alcohol, smoking, food, medication, physical activity, biological factors (stress, allergies) and environmental factors. Normally, the liver releases glucose in order for blood sugar level to be maintained. However, if an alcoholic drink is consumed, especially drinks enriched with carbohydrate would lead to rise in blood sugar. Similarly, when alcohol is consumed in an empty stomach, the output of glucose into the blood stream reduces and as a result, it leads to drop in blood sugar level hypoglycaemia (ADA, 2015). Aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of blood glucose via OGTT and the physiological mechanism at which blood glucose level is controlled, using OGTT in diagnosing diabetes
Data from Table 1. confirms the theory that as the concentration of glucose increases so will the absorbance of the solution when examined with the glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase assay. Glucose within the context of this assay is determined by the amount of ferricyanide, determined by absornace, which is produced in a one to one ratio.1 Furthermore when examining the glucose standards, a linear calibration curve was able to be produced (shown as Figure 1). Noted the R2 value of the y = 1.808x - 0.0125 trend line is 0.9958, which is statistically considered linear. From this calibration curve the absorbance values of unknowns samples can be compared, and the correlated glucose concentration can then be approximated.
We then took 1ml of the 1% solution from test tube 1 using the glucose pipette and added it to test tube 2, we then used the H2O pipette and added 9ml of H2O into test tube 2 creating 10ml of 0.1% solution
Olson DE, Rhee MK, Herrick K, Ziemer DC. Screening for diabetes and prediabetes with Proposed A1c-based diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Care. July 2010;33(10):2184-2189.
This is monitored by the cells within the Islets of Langerhans, which is located in the control (the pancreas). After skipping a meal or tough physical exercise blood glucose concentration decreases. Alpha cells in the islets detect this drop and are stimulated to secrete glucagon. Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone which influences an increase in blood glucose concentration. Glucagon travels through the bloodstream until it reaches glucagon receptors which are predominantly found in the liver, as well as, the kidneys. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen to be released into the bloodstream as glucose. It also stimulates the conversion of amino acids into glucose and the breakdown of fat into fatty acids. These effectors cause an increase in blood glucose levels back towards the normal. This increase in blood glucose concentration is detected by the alpha cells which then stop the secretion of
Diabetes Mellitus can be diagnosed through blood work. Blood is drawn from the patient and tested.
The main cause of diabetes is that the insulin produced by the pancreas is not working properly so the body has an abnormally high blood glucose level. There are two important reasons why this happens: either there is no insulin present in the body, Type 1 Diabetes, or there is insulin present but it is unable to work, Type 2 Diabetes.
Screening for gestational diabetes has become routine in prenatal care and usually takes place ...
Diabetes is a disease that is very common in the world. Early detection of diabetes can significantly decrease the risk of it getting worse throughout a person’s life. There are symptom...
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short-term type of diabetes and the most common health problem with pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM accounts for 5-7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby. It is used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones which make it hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother’s insulin in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal changes during the pregnancy causes the body to be less sensitive to insulin. Insulin has the job of opening up the cells so that the glucose can get inside regulating the amount of glucose in the blood while glucose is the amount of sugar in the blood stream. In pregnancy, the body needs to make three times more insulin for control of the blood sugar. GDM is usually found within the second trimester of a pregnancy and increases until the end of the pregnancy. Usually within a few hours of delivery the condition resolves itself (American Diabetes Association, 2010).
When the blood glucose is higher than the normal levels, this is known as diabetes disease. The body turns the food we eat into glucose or sugar and use it for energy. The insulin is a hormone created by the pancreas to help the glucose get into the cells. The sugar builds up in the blood because either the body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t well use its own insulin (CDC, 2015). In the United States diabetes is known as the seventh leading cause of death. There are different types of diabetes. However, there are two main types of diabetes and these are; Diabetes type 1 and Diabetes type 2 (CDC, 2015).
Typically, an 8-hour fasting glucose s taken to diagnose diabetes. If the blood sugar is 126 or more and is accompanied by classic signs of diabetes, then diabetes is indicated. . (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015) Unable to remember the diagnostic study from when LF was diagnosed, they were able to tell me the continued testing that they do currently. Child gets her blood sugar** checked continuously throughout the day and sometimes in the middle of the night in order to prevent of catch highs and lows. Every three months, the child goes to see her pediatrician in Peoria that specializes in Diabetes and gets labs** drawn. Other than that, the family noted no other testing or procedures done regarding the child’s Type I diabetes.
Diabetes is a metabolic disease where the body is unable to produce any- or enough- insulin which causes high glucose levels in return. There are 3 different types of diabetes that people are most familiar with. Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune disease where that person would need insulin from the second they’re diagnosed. Type 2 diabetes, which may take months or even years for a person to require insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the affected person is usually older and overweight. The third type that people are most familiar with is Gestational diabetes. GD occurs during pregnancy. Around 28 weeks gestation, the pregnant woman is instructed to go for a one hour glucose test to check for diabetes. Usually after the pregnancy, the diabetes goes away- although there are some cases where it doesn’t.
Women with gestational diabetes often have no symptoms. For this reason, experts recommend a glucose screening test between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy. If you’ve had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, you may also have screening earlier in this pregnancy. If the results from this one-hour glucose screening test are abnormally high, you may be asked to do a 3-hour glucose tolerance test. If 2 out of 4 values on the tolerance test are high, your doctor will diagnose gestational diabetes. (IHC, 2010)
Kirk, Julienne., Stegner, Jane., 2010. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology: Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: Practical Aspects. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864180/
Blood glucose levels are the measurement of glucose in an individual’s blood. This is important because glucose is the body’s main source of fuel and the brains only source of fuel. Without energy from glucose the cells would die. Glucose homeostasis is primarily controlled in the liver, muscle, and fat where it stored as glycogen. The pancreas is also a significant organ that deals with glucose. The pancreas helps regulate blood glucose levels. Alpha-islet and beta-islet pancreatic cells measure blood glucose levels and they also regulate hormone release. Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin. The body releases insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels to allow the glucose inside of cells and