The Missing costs and benefits:
Almost, private projects concentrate on monetary profits, they rarely think of social ones. Monetary profits are not good measures of net social benefits. Here, it is important to understand that future costs and benefits are the base for the future decisions; which are based on a clear appraisal.
Social Values and Shadow Prices:
The purpose of social-benefit analysis is to use a hypothetical rather than predicted price when evaluating project. A shadow price is an important characteristic of social-benefit analysis; here, the discount rate, which arrives at the present social value (PSV) is different from the market rate of interest. The shadow prices reflect better real costs and benefits to society than do actual prices; some consider them UN real, because they do not reflect current prices, but they match more closely to realities.
Types of costs that are to be held by users
Cooperative schemes deal with different types of costs. Some of them are:
Land Cost:
Cost of land is the main cost considered by the people; the cost forced them to buy land which is little far away from the city. However , it is not surprising that no feasibility report is prepared; The committee decided to buy the land based upon prices , which means that there was no chance for any social analysis.
Construction and Services Costs:
The construction cost is the future responsibility of members; but, they have to bear other costs before construction: They have to pave roads, sewage costs, electricity, water pipes and water tanks.
Maintenance Cost:
Maintenance cost does not exist at this stage, since most of the buildings do not exist yet. Whereas, in the long run maintaining cost shall include preservation of finishes a...
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...al benefits for every private project.
Works Cited
Little, I. M. D. and Mirrlees, J, A, (1977), Project Appraisal and Planning for Developing Countries, (1977 ), Heiniman Educational Books, London, P.3
Stone, P. A. ( 1975 ), Building Design Evaluation, Cost-in-use, ESFN, SPON, London, p.10
Little, I. M. D. and Mirrlees, J, Project Appraisal and Planning for Developing Countries, p.11
Ibid. p.32
Ibid. p.36
6 Stone, P. A. ( 1975 ), Building Design Evaluation, Cost-in-use, ESFN, SPON, London, p.71
7 Ibid. P.72
Little, I. M. D. and Mirrlees, J, Project Appraisal and Planning for Developing Countries, p.129
Ibid. P.133FF
Russel. J. ( 1974 ) Economic Aspects of Public Housing, Volume 8, Sage Library of Social Research, London, P.70
Ibid. P.143
Ibid. Passim
Stone, P. A. ( 1975 ), Building Design Evaluation, Cost-in-use, ESFN, SPON, London, p.142
...t: How the lack of affordable housing impacts on all aspects of life [PDF] Available at Shelter website; england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/268752/The_Human_Cost.pdf
For those of us with warm roofs over our heads and groceries on the table the problem of affordable housing does not often surface. But for low-income families, where half the income can disappear simply trying to keep the family sheltered in an acceptable home, the problem is a daily one. President of the BRIDGE Housing Corporation Donald Terner and columnist Brad Terner argue that affordable housing is a problem that should involve everyone. From your local supermarket clerk to your child’s science teacher, the problem of affordable housing can affect us all.
This paper will be predominantly focusing on public housing within Ontario. Not only will it look at the basics of Ontario but examine more directly on Regent Park within Toronto. It will discuss what public housing is and the explanation for why it exists, the government housing programs that are present with regards to public housing and the results of the government programs. The Purpose of this essay is to argue that the problem of public housing will never
Compare and contrast the ways in which housing inequalities are discussed from the perspectives of social policy and criminology, and economics (TMA 02)
Being the present manager and being appointed by the government at the feasibility stage I am asked to write a report in order to outline the activities required to successfully manage this major project and to ensure that it is completed on time and within budget.
Hastings County, Social Housing, “Boxed In” April 2005 (pg. 6, 7, 15, 16, 23, 24, 108) Local Sources (pg. 110-114) Retrieved from: http://www.hastingscounty.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=115&Itemid=88
In President Reagan's own words, homelessness is one problem that we have had, even in the best of times (Reagan). However, economic experts are all in consensus that this is the worse era for the housing market. One...
Jugdev, K. (2012). Learning from Lessons Learned: Project Management Research Program. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration , 4(1), 13-22.
Most projects, whether big or small, are undertaken either to create a new structure, such as a plant, an airport, an Olympic stadium, a bridge, a new product, etc., or to modify an existing structure, such as a plant expansion, adding a new production line, expanding a highway, etc. In most cases, the late completion of the project, such as finishing the Olympic stadium two weeks after the opening of the Olympics, or having a new airports' opening delayed until after the elections, etc., generally carries with it some significant negative ramifications for the project owner. At the same time, there are many cases where the early completion of the project will provide the project owner with significant positive ramifications, such as the market share gained by preempting the competitions' launching of a new product, or the increase in sales achieved by bringing the plants productive capabilities on-line sooner, etc.
Public housing is a program, introduced at the federal level in 1937, which provides for low-cost housing through public financing by means of publicly owned and managed multi-family developments. Several cities began providing publicly funded housing prior to the introduction of the 1937 Housing Act through local programs of their own. Additionally, it was these kinds of local programs that helped mold the model for the federal program. Although there are multiple themes and topics related to public housing this paper will solely focus on 6 themes that are critical in understanding the history and development of public housing. These themes are in regards to the population it was aimed for, financing, federal public housing authority, local public housing authorities, design, and urban renewal.
...ovartis Foundation for Sustainable Development (2013). Project Management Handbook A Working Tool for Project Managers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.novartisfoundation.org/platform/apps/Publication/getfmfile.asp?id=613&el=808&se=1800744&doc=44&dse=4. [Last Accessed 20 April 2014].
Whether your project involves new construction or renovation, there are big payoffs on more than one level. There are the obvious things like increased efficiencies in terms of space usage, equipment storage, and safety, sanitation and security. Looking at it from a larger perspective, your designs and many of the products you buy or specify for the project will last well beyond the careers of the people who first use them.
All projects are unique and complex in term of time, budget, circumstances, quality, performance, and the geographic location and culture, moreover, are constrained with the limited resources, in addition to the estimations performed by people based on previous experiences or some probabilities (APM 2006). Not to forget stakeholder participation in the multiplicity of outcome that results from the accumulation of serious events or lack of reliability and uncertainty in the project as a whole (APM 2006).
There are definitions of projects in the literature and one of the best has been offered by Tuman (1983) which is a project is an organization of people dedicated to a specific purpose or objective. Projects generally involve large, expensive, unique, or high risk undertakings which have to be completed by a certain date, for a certain amount of money, with some expected level of performance. At a minimum, all projects need to have well defined objectives and sufficient resources to carry out all the required tasks.
Sen, A, (1988), .The Concept of Development., in Hollis Chenery and Thirukodikaval N. Srinivasan (eds), Handbook of Development Economics, Vol.1, North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 10.26.