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Culture and depression essay
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In “The Mega Marketing of Depression in Japan”, Ethan Watters draws attention to the ways in which concepts that are usually taken as concrete and standardized, such as depression or mental illness, are actually extremely varied and complex. In other words, people’s definition and the experience of such concepts are shaped by the cultures that they belong to. For example, if a Westerner experiences a depression, it will be different from ways that an Easterner will experience depression. However, despite the significant role that culture plays in determining people’s way of thinking, there is a certain limit to how influential culture can be; being aware of cultural differences and understanding why there are cultural differences can greatly …show more content…
For example, although at present the Japanese people believe that depression is a noble feeling, that belief can always change with time. This was explained by Dr. Laurence Kirmayer in the article, where he stated that people 's understanding of depression is not only influenced by their ethno cultural background, but also by the media, family, and the environment of the health care system that "they find themselves in" and these conceptions are "in constant transaction and transformation across boundaries of race, culture, class, and nation." In other words, although people may be influenced by culture, this influence can always be replaced by another influence because in a globalized word, culture moves "across boundaries of race, culture, class, and nation." For example, one culture can replace a native culture and completely reshape how people think and behave. This means that although at present Japanese feel that depression derives from expressing great concern for the welfare of the people, through manipulation of the media and by influencing doctors and family talks, the Japanese may share Western view of
Japanese individuals allow other cultural influence to establish their mindset and actions. As Watters states, “Feelings that Americans associate with depression have, in Japan, been wrapped up in a variety of cultural narratives that altered their meaning and the subjective experience for the individual,” (522). Japanese individuals rely on other cultures to control their way of living and thinking, and therefore lose recognition of the value of undergoing independent experience. Watters proves this perception of uniformity by contending to the belief that, “By applying a one-size fits all notion of depression around the world, Kirmayer argued, we run the risk of obscuring the social meaning and response the experience might be indicating,” (518). Individuals in Japanese culture are so influenced by other cultures that they lack control over their own experiences and in turn, lose their
He proves this by explaining how a Nigerian man “might experience a peppery feeling in his head” (Smith 517) or how symptoms of depression in an American Indian project feelings of loneliness. Depending on the location of the country and the language used to describe distress, symptoms of depression vary from region to region. He described this as “explanatory models” that “created the culturally expected experience of the disease in the mind of the sufferer” (Watters 518). In other words, the cause of depression is different for every country and thus each person experiences and describes depression in a way that matches their culture and environment.
The dominant biomedical model of health does not take into consideration lay perspectives (SITE BOOK). Lay perspectives go into detail about ordinary people’s common sense and personal experiences. A cultural perspective, like the Hmong cultures perspective on health, is considered a lay perspective. Unlike the Hmong culture, where illness is viewed as the imbalance between the soul and the body, the dominant biomedical model of health views health in terms of pathology and disease (SITE THE BOOK). Although the Hmong culture considers spiritual and environmental factors, the dominant biomedical model of health only looks at health through a biological perspective, and neglects the environment and psychological factors that affect health. Depression in the U.S. is a medical illness caused by neurochemical or hormonal imbalance and certain styles of thinking. Depression is the result of unfortunate experiences that the brain has difficulties processing (SITE 7). Unlike the Hmong culture, where Hmong’s who are diagnosed with depression report the interaction between a spirit, people diagnosed with depression in the Western culture report themselves to having symptoms such as feeling tired, miserable and suicidal (SITE
Measuring depression in different culture is a complicated task, “there is a need for tools for multicultural mental health primary in order to promote communication and improve clinical diagnosis” (Lehti et al, 2009). This results indicated that there is still a need for a tool to accurately measure depression in patients from different countries/cultures. Each culture is unique in its very own, and certain abnormal behavior can only be found in certain culture. For instance, in western society we have the histrionic personality disorder, in which an individual desperately seek out attention, while in Japan, there is a phenomenon called “hikikomori” is an abnormal behavior where a person would go great length to avoid any social contract at any means. This abnormal behavior is similar to the avoidant personality disorder, however hikikomori is more severe. “Hikikomori is used to refer to group of young people who have withdrawn from social life and have had no relationships outside of family for a period in excess of six months.” (Furlong, 2008). The long period of time to be withdrawn from society is quite serious and will have many psychological damage. Another factor that is important when looking at abnormal behavior is the gender. The gender of an individual have play an important role in shaping the diagnosis and the diagnostic feature of these symptoms.
According to Canadian Mental Health Association, approximately 8% of adults will experience major depression at some point in their life. Depression is an illness which not only effects a person emotionally, it also effects a person physically. Different cultures view depression different ways. The film ‘The Split Horn’ produced by Taggart Sigel and Jim McSilver, tells the tale of Chai Thao, a Hmong girl living in Wisconsin. Her and her family have encountered depression, but the way they go about it is quite different from the way the Western World would. The Hmong view of health is a more holistic/ spiritual view while the western world views health through a biomedical point of view. In Hmong culture, depression is a very cultural journey. The Shaman is involved, the persons family and the person who is effected. In Western culture, depression usually does not involve a religious leader, is a more emotional thing. Western Culture also is not
Japanese people once did not believe depression was a disease, but a collection of emotions felt sometimes physically, through pain in the stomach, or emotionally through sadness. American pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline wanted to change that. “‘The focus was not on medication.’ Kirmayer remembers ‘they were not trying to sell there drugs to us. They were interested in what we knew about how cultures shape the illness experience’”
After analyzing a narrative about depression and suicide encounters, O'Nell considers three scholarly concerns: connections amongst culture and feeling. Correlations of Flathead loneliness and DSM details of depressive issue, and enhancements required in culturally diverse research and clinical work. Having demonstrated loneliness, she reviews anthropological and psychological ways to deal with the feelings, closure with a basic examination of ethnopyschology that considers the feelings as socially significant social activities. She then looks at Flathead "depression" with DSM criteria and finds each unmistakable vision of pain informational. O'Nell finishes up with notices against solid, static dreams of culture and "representative people" and against privileging Western biomedicine and it's meanings of typical and obsessive working, reminding her peruses that these definitions proceed to abuse by delegitimizing contemporary Indian societies and qualities. The Flathead setting shows that discouragement and depressive issue may have moral, social and sociohistorical bases; they might be seen as characteristic reactions to historical and current losses and interruptions of self-supporting associations. They embody singular distress and "pathology" as well as the mind-boggling elements in individual
The DSM is the manual used to classify mental disorders, it plays a major role in the health care system in the United States. Inclusion of conditions definitely affects the legitimization of them, since it is the standard book used by health professionals to label disorders. The DSM affects the sick role due to labeling and realizing a person needs treatment based on their condition, without it people wouldn 't be able to adopt the sick role, in terms of mental disorders. Cultural diversity is a factor that affects labeling and the treatment of mental disorders because different cultures can perceive and treat mental disorders through an ethnocentric view compared to using the DSM. Overall the DSM plays a big role in the health care system, from diagnosing to treating , labeling and access to health care.
The power of social interactions within a culture is often overlooked when determining what has control over an individual. How we perceive our immediate environment is dependent on the experiences we encounter. The effects of the environment on behavior are presented in a narrative written by author Malcolm Gladwell titled “The Power of Context.” Through Gladwell’s ideas, we see how the simple change of one’s surroundings will control what one experiences, which in turn alters how one behaves. Understanding how and why people behave in different cultures is a key focus in the narrative “The Mega-Marketing of Depression in Japan” written by author Ethan Watters. His narrative offers insight to the questionably immoral stratagems of a large
Some depression episode can sneak up on you, and can last from weeks, days, months and years. The depression they use to call it (nervous breakdown), Sometimes you feel like you do not deserve more or ever better life. It is such a stigma with depression; some family wants to keep it secret they are ashamed. They will try to convince you that nothing is wrong it all in your head to snap out of it. Depression is like a ticking time bomb if it goes untreated I know the effect it have on the family, you can lose your job, or hospitalized or even jail. Depression is not just your problem but your family, and eventually it become society problem. Hypertension is known as the silent killer. Yes, that is true, but depression is it, cousin. One day you are on top of the world. The next day you feel the world is on top of you and out to get you. With no signs or any symptoms in some case. The silent killer comes to your door (depression). Cultural differences in help-seeking behavior may influence the treatment of depression. For example, non-Western individuals frequently use indigenous (from their own culture) practitioners for treatment of "illness" and Western-trained physicians for treating "disease". If emotional disturbances are not considered within the realm of disease, depressed individuals might not readily seek out psychiatric or mental health care for depressive symptoms. Because the public discourse
Culture has a huge influence on how people view and deal with psychological disorders. Being able to successfully treat someone for a mental illness has largely to do with what they view as normal in their own culture. In Western cultures we think that going to a counselor to talk about our emotions or our individual problems and/or getting some type of drug to help with our mental illness is the best way to overcome and treat it, but in other cultures that may not be the case. In particular Western and Asian cultures vary in the way they deal with psychological disorders. In this paper I am going to discuss how Asian cultures and Western cultures are similar and different in the way they view psychological disorders, the treatments and likelihood of getting treatment, culture bound disorders, and how to overcome the differences in the cultures for optimal treatments.
With this paper I wanted to focus on psychological aspects that had to do with a different side of the culture. There are three key aspect of information from the c...
The “etic” approach is thought as the most popular approach and considered “Universalist” approach. The advantage of Etic approach is that it is globally applicable; in this approach the measuring instruments and models of health are standardized. The disadvantage of this approach is that it does not consider the cultural and social contexts of psychiatric disorders (Merson, Black & Mills, 2012). Whereas, the “emic” approach focuses on the concept that culture plays an important role and that the phenomenon should be evaluated within a culture and its context, aiming to understand their significance
As Descartes argued, the mind and the body are the base of our existence, and many different cultures view different illnesses positively or negatively. Certain cultures, like the Hmong, believe that epilepsy is a good spiritual thing, but others, such as Western culture, believe that it is medically bad because it could cause death. Many illnesses can be viewed both negatively and positively, some more than others. However, one such illness that is mostly viewed negatively is depression. It is viewed negatively in a symptomatic sense – the symptoms are useless – and in a diagnostic sense – those diagnosed with depression are not actually depressed and the illness itself does not exist; it is simply an excuse to be lazy. There are many different approaches to depression and most of them consider that this illness is negative; however, depression is actually an evolutionary tactic subconsciously employed by humans that can have very positive effects.
There is many different factors that determine personality and development, from environmental, genetics, and of course, the culture someone grows up. This can vary across the globe in different geological locations. It is impossible to say how much influence culture has on specific psychological development or personality. Some emotion such as happiness can be subjective and it is hard to measure the rate of happiness when contrasted with a different part of the world. Many scholars point out that wealthier and developed nations report higher feelings of well-being. (Eunkook M. Suh) Despite this association with income and well-being, there are other factors at play. In developed Western societies, they have more social services that could influence personal happiness within cultures.