The Magneto HydroDynamic (MHD) generator converts heat energy and kinetic energy into electricity. MHD generators are electric generators which operate at high temperatures without wearing of components of the system unlike conventional generators. MHD was developed to increase overall efficiency, as an auxiliary cycle in Thermal and nuclear power stations. Fig.1 shows the basic block diagram of MHD power generation [1]. The classical plasma MHD system is an open cycle process and the fluid pass through the generator to an exhaust. The important limitation of the plasma MHD system is a high working temperature and the working gases needs to be ionized in the order of temperatures above 2,000 K [2,3]. High temperatures are serious setback for domestic use. On the other hand, the plasma gases easily pollute the environment and the plasma radiation is a threat to health and gases contaminate the eco-friendly environment. [2-6]. Fig.1. Basic block diagram of MHD The liquid metal MHD systems work at lower temperature gradients [3,7–8] as compared with the plasma systems. The Lead-Bismuth alloy system and other …show more content…
CO2 recovery type plant is discussed as shown in Fig.5 describing CO2 recovery type MHD generator plant proposed by Prof. N. Kayukawa. The coal synthesized gas is a heat source when burnt with pure oxygen. Oxygen separator separates Nitrogen and other elements from air to produce pure oxygen.This MHD generator system was driven by combustion of CO and H2 with pure oxygen approximately at 2800oC. Coal gasifier, preheater and steam decomposer are used to recover heat as placed downstream to MHD generator. Energy required for oxygen production plant be recovered by the high efficiency of the MHD generator.Overall plant efficiency of 50% with CO2 recovery can be
As we enter the 21st century the average human's life is dictated by the production and quantity of energy. This energy is produced in many different forms, from fossil fuel to hydro and solar power. Though this production of energy has sufficed up till now, a realization has occurred that the depletion of our current sources is imminent. As a result of this energy crisis, a race to find an alternative energy supply has been put forth. Through plasma fusion's nearly inexhaustible supply of fuel, its lack of greenhouse gases and the amazing spin-off technologies that have developed through plasma research, it is the answer to the current energy crises.
Meeting rising demand for clean, reliable and affordable electricity will require the use of coal for the foreseeable future, which in turn will require the development and demonstration of new, environmentally-sound technologies for coal-based electricity generation.
The purchase of credits is a short term option for all companies producing electricity and steam regardless of the type of fossil fuel used. Present research has concentrated their evaluations on coal since coal produces the highest emissions of CO2. The following is the emissions of CO2 per Btu of energy based on fuel type is : Coal (anthracite) 228.6, Coal (bituminous) 205.7, Coal (lignite) 215.4, Coal (subbituminous) 214.3, Diesel fuel & heating oil161.3, Gasoline157.2, Propane139.0, and Natural gas117.0. Since natural gas is principally methane, it has higher energy thus lower CO2 compared to other fuels. This lower generation of CO2 has limited the interest in research to reduce the CO2 that is in the stack exhaust. However, the cost of engineering, construction, and operating any of the options
The aim of this project was to prove that a new take on oxyfuel power could greatly reduce coal 's large carbon footprint. The school built a chemical looping reactor which circulates its components in a continuous loop. To prove its effectiveness, the school conducted an experiment utilizing the reactor and coal. First, tiny iron oxide beads were used to manage the oxygen supply to the coal particles. The beads then entered the reactor chamber and were oxidized and reacted with the coal particles which created carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide then bubbled up and was captured while the beads flowed down to a second area where airflow re-oxygenated the beads. The newly oxidized beads were then looped back to the start and the process was repeated. In principle OSU 's chemical looping reactor should be more efficient to operate than conventional oxyfuel reactors, which rely on power-hungry air separation units for their oxygen supply. This experiment is important because it not only keeps a 90% capture rate of carbon, but it is 35% less costly than average carbon capture facilities (Coelho, 2010, p.
Today our society is using more energy than ever. With the increase in demand for energy, problems are presented that have to be addressed. One of the biggest and most prevalent problems is the need for clean, renewable, sustainable energy. On the forefront of these problems comes the following solutions: nuclear energy, hydro-electric energy, and photovoltaic energy. With the need of energy in today’s current world, exploring different ways of producing power are necessary. The differences and similarities of nuclear energy and alternative energy are important to look over and examine in depth, so that it is plain to see the positive and negative effects of energy production.
Power plants light up the world that we live in today, and without them the luxury of electricity would not be possible. However, power plants also cause considerable damage to the environment that unfortunately may be irreversible. To fight this, the government has set laws in place, such as the Clean Air Act (CAA, n.d.), to help dramatically reduce the risk of devastating environmental harm as much as possible. This regulates hazardous carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released into the Earth’s atmosphere (EPA, 2017). Carbon capture technologies assist in fulfilling the legal requirements of the Clean Air Act. By the use of three different methods, oxy-fuel combustion, post-combustion capture, and pre-combustion capture, power plants can
A number of methods to determine the amount of energy produced and the quantities of oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide used and consumed respectively have been put in place. These can be calculated by the use of oxygen sensor as well as carbon (IV) oxide sensor.
The Neutral Beam Injection Fusion is a style in which plasma is heated enough to produce a renewable reaction. Then a extreme-intensity beam is focused on a hydrogen particle into the nucleus of the plasma. Fast Ions then transfer their power to the hydrogen increasing its heat.(Anon,
[8] M. Carmo, T. Roepke, C. Roth, A.M. dos Santos, J.G.R. Poco, M. Linardi, J. Power Sources 191 (2009) 330−337.
Hydrogen would be one of the easiest sources of renewable energy to incorporate into our current energy infrastructure. Since hydrogen is a gas of normal temperature, it is possible to have it be used as a fuel in vehicles similar to current ones. For example, Hydrogen could be introduced into the vehicle as a gas, stored...
Gasification products can be divided in fuel gases and non-fuel gases. The fuel gas (mixture of Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen and traces of Methane) is called producer gas. In particular, section 2.2 focuses on the non-fuel gases such as Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, some hydrocarbons and water steam which cannot be utilized for combustion. Table 1 shows that according to the gasifier system and the gasifier agent, the biogas composition
The magnetic susceptibility χ (=M/H) (FC and ZFC) as a function of temperature measured at low applied field (H=50 Oe) is presented in Fig.5. The molar susceptibility shows a monotonic increase upon cooling down to ~ 22 K, where a steeper increase is observed. Below this temperature a bifurcation between the ZFC and the FC curves is evident (see inset of Fig.5. On the other and above 22 K the reciprocal magnetic susceptibility (1/χ) as a function of temperature shows a linear trend (Fig. 5 right scale). In detail, above ca. 30 K, in the paramagnetic region, the Curie-Weiss law is strictly followed. By fitting the linear part of the 1/χ curve with 1/χ = (T-p)/C, in the 30-310 K temperature range, a Curie-Weiss temperature, p = -2.3 K, and the Curie constant, C = 1.30 cm3.K.mol-1, (µeff = 3.2 µB) were obtained. The small negative Curie-Weiss temperature indicates the presence weak antiferromagnetic exchangeinteraction between the Ni magnetic centres. Indeed, the χT curve (Fig. 6 left scale) shows a downward curvature, typical of systems with antiferromagnetic correlations and/or non-negligible spin-orbit coupling. The χT=1.31 cm3.K.mol-1 at 310 K undergoes a small and gradual decrease to 1.19 emu.K.mol-1 at 24.5 K. The Curie constant value, either obtained by1/χ linear fit or the χT product for T>>p is in reasonable agreement with the expected spin-only theoretical value for NiII in octahedral environment with S=1 spin state (C = 1 cm3.K.mol-1and µeff = 2.83 µB considering g = 2) for unquenched orbital moment C = 3.91 cm3.K.mol-1and µeff = 5.59 µB).
Thermal generating plants are faced with several challenges as regards finding efficient ways of reducing the amounts of carbon dioxide they emit into the atmosphere. To find an effective way of managing the emission of the greenhouse gases, a number of companies are now adopting the post-combustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) technique; as much as it reduces carbon dioxide emissions, the method is associated with several negative environmental impacts. The CCS system requires large volumes water, which is withdrawn from and returned to its sources, which include oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers; the toxins and high temperatures harm the aquatic life in the water sources.
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
... temperature of 112 0C also and a pressure 2.5 bar. Cooling water is used to condense the vapor exiting column. Remaining methane and hydrogen are separated in reflux drum where the vapor stream is combined with other gases streams. The overhead of first and second separator are combined to form fuel gas. The liquid stream exiting in the bottoms of the reflux drum is pumped at pressure of 3.3 bar for discharging pressure. The pump stream is separated in two streams. One stream is to feed to tray one of the column and the other one stream is cooled down to 38 0C in heat exchanger. Then, the cooled product stream is sent to storage.