Understanding our dynamic landscape gives us great insight into the past and the ability to make educated predictions of possible future events of the world we live in today. The Mackenzie basin is a wide valley basin containing three glacial lakes which have the potential to provide understanding into the glacial, tectonic and climate history of the Southern hemisphere and in particular, New Zealand. The South Island of New Zealand is characterised by oblique continental collision of the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates, forming the dominant Southern Alps. The plate boundary is known as the Alpine fault and attention has often be associated with motion on the western side of the Alps, but more recently studies have been focussing on the eastern side. Upton1 writes in the New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics about her research, which mapped the Irishman Creek fault (ICF) and the Forest Creek Fault (FCF) into the lake basin of Lake Tekapo. It has been inferred of the existence of the Tekapo River fault (a north-south structure), from seismic data and exposed geology. (Long ’03)
The ICF is a large feature in the Mackenzie basin and runs along strike to the Alpine Fault. This fault has uplifted the Old man range and is likely to be a part of a broader zone of deformation, the Irishman Creek fault zone (Fox ’87, Cox & Barrell ’07). In the last 5000 years, an interval for reoccurring major events on the ICF of 1290±90yr was determined from dating on scree slopes along the fault trace ( McSaveney ’91).
Initial seismic surveys of Lake Tekapo were conducted by Pickrill and Irwin in ’83. Seismic penetration was approximately 25m below the lake bottom. They classified the sediments, which were sourced from the Godley rive...
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...ation of basement highs, disturbed reflections and orientations parallel to the ICF suggest that we are seeing a continuation of the fault within the lake basin on lines 4,5,6 (basement high west of motuariki basin on L5, two dipping reflector b8&9, apparent dip of 30E )
2)Occur along strike of FCF, suggesting that the basement highs & lake floor features have resulted from movement along this structure (three lake floor highs overlying basement highs and folded sediments)
Topographic highs in a tectonically and glacially active regions may form constructionally by uplift on a fault , or as ROCHES MOUTONNEES by glacial erosion or it may reflect both processes. Upton proposed that these bedrock highs beneath the subsurface of Lake Tekapo are fault-controlled but are being eroded down c.100 ka by glaciers from the Southern Alps contributes to the Roches Moutonnees.
Marshak, S. (2009) Essentials of Geology, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, ch. 11, p. 298-320.
17. The diagram to the right illustrates what type of geologic event? Explain. (S6E5e, f)
Glacial Lake Peterborough had many attributing spillways attached to it, feeding meltwater and sediment from the ice margin and or other glacial lakes. Much of the sediment that was deposited in Glacial Lake Peterborough came from either from the stagnant ice blocks located on the Oak Ridges moraine or from the Lake Algonquin drainage system. Much of the deposition in this lake was dominated by sediment stratification, which may have been largely influenced by thermal stratification. As a result of thermal stratification occurring in this glacial lake sediment inputs were greatly influenced depending on the different sediment densities between the lake bottom water to that of the incoming meltwater and if the inflow density was less/more than the bottom water than the lake water bottom, than new transport and depositional paths were created
The third alluvial deposition consists of sand, silt and minor inter-bedded gravel, and again indicates Brimbank Park’s changing geology over time. (Geological map of Victoria, 1973). These deposits, as well as a nearby fault suggest volcanic activity 5-1.6 million years ago, which explains the olivine basalt (fig. 2) deposits which date back to to the Silurian and Tertiary period.
Bonnett, Gabrysch R.K. and C.W. "Land Surface Subsidence at Seabrook, TX ." US Geological Survey. Seabrook TX: Water Resources INV, 1975.
More specifically, Trois-Rivieres is located in an area with flat and rolling hills, and fertile soils that play a huge part of Trois-Rivieres’s economy. The formation of the Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands happened during the Paleozoic era. “The Great Lakes-St Lowlands were formed by the effects of glaciation. This is caused the city’s rolling landscape where flat plains are interrupted with glacial hills and deep river valleys. After the glacial period, when a large volume of water melted out from the glaciers, the lakes were large, even larger than they are today. However, the lakes shrank to their present size, and flat plains of sediments remained. These sediments formed excellent soil for farming” (Pandya, n.d). This process left behind a large amount of sediment rock, which was beneficial for the manufacturing industry.
Hess, D., McKnight, T. L., & Tasa, D. (2011). McKnight's physical geography (Custom ed. for California State University, Northridge ; 2nd Calif. ed.). New York: Learning Solutions.
Glaciers are an integral part of the world’s climate. In fact, as Richard Armstrong of the University of Colorado says, “Glaciers are key indicators in monitoring and detecting climate change” (Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, 2003, p. 1). Not only are they an important part of monitoring current climate, they can hold many keys to the past. Glaciers are in fact, “a source of paleoclimate data…” (Meier and Dyurgerov, 1980, p. 37). This paleoclimate data can give geologists information on the conditions that were present at the time of the glaciers birth, as well as the approximate age. This has an important role in the geologic time scale of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. These Glaciers played a role in the carving of the present day Rocky Mountains in Colorado, which will be the primary focus of this paper. In addition, glacial formations will be discussed to give the reader background information and the future of the Glaciers in Colorado will close this paper.
Chapter 1: Regions of Canada describe regionalism and how it divides countries, specifically Canada, naturally into six regions: British Columbia, Western Canada, Territorial North, Ontario, Quebec, and Atlantic Canada. These regions have been divided in a manner that correlates ‘like spaces’ in regards to human and physical geography (Bone, p.6) along with Canada’s historical development. The second key feature of chapter 1 describes Canada’s faultlines and they’re affects on Canada’s regional divide. There are four faultlines within Canada that reciprocate tensions that are mostly solved by being “soft” through negotiation and discussion (according to John Ralston Saul, Bone, p. 10). Bone places a great focus on these faultlines, which include: centralist/decentralist, Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal, French/English Canadians, and newcomer/old-timer. “Canada’s heterogeneous nature often forms the basis of regional quarrels” (Bone, p. 11) particularly for the centralist/decentralist faultline. English/French speaking Canadians focus on Quebec and sovereignty, while the Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal faultline deals with land claims, settlement and colonized peoples. Newcomers/old-timers refer to immigrants and settlers of Canada. The core/periphery model is a key concept that is commonly referred to throughout the text. It depicts the core as concentrations of power/wealth/population, with the periphery/hinterland as the weakly developed, resource based area.
The Hudson plains are in parts of Ontario and Manitoba. Their area is about 350 000 km squared. The west edge of the Hudson Plains is around Churchill in north Manitoba, the eastern edge is around Fort Rupert, the northern edge borders Hudson Bay and James Bay and the southern edge is near Kapuskasing, Manitoba. Moosonee and Churchill are major cities in the Hudson Plains area, and lesser known cities include Attawapiskat, Fort George, Eastmain, Fort Albany, Lake River, Winisk, Fort Severn, and Shamattawa.
The geological arrangement was largely influenced by the Western Interior Seaway, which swept through the continent millions of years ago. It was during this time when frequent alterations in climate caused the waters to surface and withdraw. The Dakota Sandstone deposited within the sedimentary profile of Mesa Verde is in large part due to these events.
The west coast of the islands is on the edge of a continental shelf created by ancient volcanic movement (Broadhead 5) .This volcanic activity is due to plate tectonic movement which also created the numerous amounts of earthquakes on the island. Compared to the rest of British Columbia, Haida Gwaii has the most earthquake activity (Broadhead 5), the last of which being in a magnitude of 7.7 on t...
Before Lake Coeur d’Alene existed, the St. Joe River ran through the present lakebed northward and up through the Rathdrum Prairie before turning west and into the Spokane Valley. About 15,000 years ago, during the peak of the last glacial period, huge glaciers covered much of British Columbia. This ice, which was almost 4,000 feet thick, unimaginably covered all but the highest mountain peaks. The glacier slowly crept down into North Idaho, stopping just north of Coeur d’Alene (Wuerthner, 30, 32).
Churcher, C. S. & Wilson. M. (1979). Journal of Paleontology. Michigan: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology
inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that such a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography.