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An allergy is an immune response to substances that are recognized as harmful In most situations, genetic heredity plays a role in what allergy a person acquires. Children inherit their allergy from their parents. (Mills et al., 2007) On the contrary, some of individuals develop certain allergies in spite of their parents. One proposed theory that will be explored in this paper is whether or not the use of vaccines causes us to develop certain allergies. Before that theory can be proven as right or wrong, we must first get a more thorough understanding of the immune system. The Immune System The immune system, which is composed of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, is the body’s innate defense against foreign particles that may show to be harmful or infectious to us. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks potentially dangerous organisms and substances that invade our systems. (Durani, Y., 2012) The immune system’s key players include leukocytes, the lymphoid organs, and the lymphatic vessels. Leukocytes are white blood cells that recognize and destroy the harmful invaders. Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) make and/or store the leukocytes, and lymphatic vessels are a network of tissues that allow for the leukocytes to circulate through blood or the various lymphoid organs. (Durani, Y., 2012) Leukocytes are broken up into two different subunits: phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes destroy the dangerous organisms. Though the most common type of phagocyte is the neutrophil (which breaks down bacteria), many other cells are known to be phagocytes also. Lymphocytes aid the body in remembering and recognizing prior offenders that may invade again. Lymphocytes a... ... middle of paper ... ...lergies%2F..%255Clibrary%255Callergies%255Cinfo5.asp *Sgreccia, E. (2014, January 10). Human Cell Strains in Vaccine Development. Retrieved from http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/human-cell-strains-vaccine-development *Taylor, S. L. (2001). Emerging problems with food allergens. Retrieved March, 2014, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x7133m/x7133m03.htm *Types of Food -- Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats, Alcohol. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.worldofmolecules.com/foods/ *US Department of Health. (n.d.). Vaccine Development. Retrieved from http://www.flu.gov/prevention-vaccination/vaccine-development/ *Vaccines. (2011, April 19). Retrieved from http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaccines/understanding/pages/howwork.aspx *Why do We have Allergies? (n.d.). Retrieved March, 2014, from http://fightthecauseofallergy.org/page/why-do-we-have-allergies
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
When functioning properly, the immune system identifies a variety of threats, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, and distinguishes them from the body’s own healthy tissue. The major components of the immune system include: lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, lymphocytes, thymus, and leukocytes. Lymph nodes are small bean shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease and are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system and the immune system are very closely related. Lymph nodes also contain a clear fluid that carries cells to different parts of the body. When the body is fighting off infection lymph nodes can become enlarged and swollen and even feel sore. For example, when the body is trying to fight off an infection you may notice that the lymph nodes around your neck which are located under your ears become
The lymphatic system are a complex network of specialised cells and organs that defend the body against infection. Lymphatic organs include the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix and clumps of tissue in the small bowel. A function of the lymphatic system is to nurture and mature the B and T-lymphocytes (white blood cells vital to immune function). Cancerous changes can take place when mutation leads to failure of the cells maturing of the lymphoid cells.
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
When a familiar antigen is encountered, B-lymphocyte memory cells will divide and form new antibody-producing plasma cells. Some memory cells will be left, however, so that the body can respond to any number of future infections with the same pathogen. The second time the immune system encounters a pathogen for a second time, antibodies are produced more rapidly and their effect lasts longer. Memory B cells have an affinity for a particular antigen as well. Also, larger amounts of antibodies are produced in the secondary response resulting in a stronger response.
1. EQ: How does the structure and function of my immune system keep me healthy?
Seattle Education Project. (2013, November). STEP: The Immune System - An Overview, [Online]. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html [11/12/14].
T cells assist B cells to rid foreign cells, and turn into memory cells (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The T-Helper cell dictates growth and variation factors (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). This decides whether you will have a strong or weak immune system (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The cytotoxic cells are accountable for lytic enzymes and proteins (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). They kill or change injected cells (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The suppressor cells are also known as 911 and relay a rapid response to reinfection with the same cell (Joanne M. Willey,
The immune system has the important job of protecting the body from foreign invaders. It is made up of a network of cells (including white blood cells), tissue and organs. The foreign invaders the immune system fight include viruses, bacteria, microbes and pathogens. In order to stop these foreign invaders, there is a process known as immune response that attacks in three different lines of defence. Without this immune response, the body would be constantly under invasion by pathogens trying to attack and induce illness.
Tishler, M. & Schoenfeld, Y. (2004). Vaccination may be associated with autoimmune diseases. Isralie Medical Association Journal, 6, 430-432.
Vaccines are becoming increasingly hazardous for many children and parents are not being informed about the safety of their children. Current reports are linking vaccines to serious life-threatening disorders such as asthma, autism, immune system dysfunction, and mental retardation (Williams). These recent revelations are causing an increasing amount of people to claim religious and medical exemptions from vaccines. From 1999 to 2006, exemptions have more than doubled from 9,722 to 24,919 (Cronin). It is very clear that vaccinations are posing many problems for parents everywhere. Each day researchers are finding out about vaccines and are realizing that there are a lot more risks than benefits. Dr Phillip F. Incao explains: “Today, far more children suffer from allergies and other chronic immune system disorders than from life-threatening infectious disease. It is neither reasonable nor prudent to persist in presuming that the benefits of any vaccination outweigh its risk” (qtd in Spaker). While infectious diseases are becoming uncommon there is no need for any person to get vaccinated.
Adaptive immune system happens much quicker to the presence of an “infection creating potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humeral immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.”
In addition to serving as a drainage system, the lymphatic system, along with the lymphoid tissues and organs, play a vital role in the body’s immune system to create an immune response. The body ...
Many people are curious why they are allergic and others are not. The answer to this is that allergies are genetic in almost all cases. Scientists and researchers believe that people inherit a tendency to be allergic, although not to any specific allergen. Children are much more likely to develop allergies if their parents have allergies. Interestingly, people with year-round (perennial) allergies commonly develop the problem as adults, and are more likely to be women than men. Symptoms can lessen as you get older, but they rarely completely disappear without treatment.
Our blood is able to connect all our organs together to create one organism and is able to transport the most vital and important molecules through these blood streams. Hence, blood cells are needed for immune system function and metabolic functions.