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law and its impact on society
law and its impact on society
law and its impact on society
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The Liberal World Order
The liberal world order is as much an economic idea, as it is a
political one. The liberal world order is very much based on the rule
of law. Such things are apparent in a liberal world order such as
individual liberties, private property and free trade.
According to Ludwig von Mises, a liberal world order was inseparable
from liberal economic policies:
“A nation’s policy forms an integral whole. Foreign policy and
domestic policy are closely linked together, they condition each
other. Economic nationalism is the corollary of the present-day
domestic policies of government interference with business and of
national planning, as free trade was the complement of domestic
economic freedom.”1
Thus, according to Mises, a liberal world order could only arise when
governments operated a laissez-faire approach to the running of the
economy. During the liberal world order at the beginning of the 20th
Century, it was true to say that most of the governments of Europe
were either constitutional monarchies, or democracies, and the
universal concept of the rule of law was endorsed practically all
over.
However the liberal world order dramatically came to an end at the
start of the First World War, as a result of nations requiring to
raise funds for the war effort. Naturally governments took over the
running of their economies, and rapidly industries were controlled
through regulation and even re-nationalisation. In order to protect
these industries, trade barriers were put into place. Taxes also rose
in order to fund the war, and thus the governments no longer pledged
to a laissez-faire economic outlook...
... middle of paper ...
... to look out simply for their own well-being
and would again adopt their protectionist stances, destroying the
liberal world order.
This problem can be explained with simple economics, a liberal
international order is in essence a public good, in that if created,
would be available to all, and thus all would be able to benefit from
it. For that reason, no nation is willing to bear the cost of such an
effort if everyone will be able to benefit. It would be more
beneficial for that nation if they waited for another nation to set it
up, and then simply jump onto the bandwagon at no cost.
As a result it can be said that the success of the Liberal World Order
has been limited due to the difficulty of its implementation. At
present, World Politics can still be said to be predominantly realist
based in its definition.
Latin America after the Wars of Independence, were looking to modernize the nations after years of unstable politically and economically. This new idea called “progress” was to change Latin America for the better of the nations that took part of the progress. More European influences came during the period to help nations progress even further.
The United States of America proudly present themselves as a humanitarian liberal democratic power and as the main liberal architect whose role, became more significant in the post-Cold War world, given the end of the bipolar system which created a systemic permissiveness for the institution of the so called “New World Order”₁ paired with liberal ideals and the desire to spread peace and democracy in a global scale and pursue “(…) America's ideals -- liberty, democracy and peace.” ₂
Metaphysical Premises And Types Of Liberal Ideology: Liberalism As The End And Liberalism As The Way
The year of 1848 spanned revolutions across Europe from being suppressed by most of supreme powers. These revolutions were caused by the belief in liberalism which could simply be defined as liberty and equality. Liberalism’s first victory was in the French Revolution, but due to disasters that followed and Napoleon’s reign caused liberalism to grow slow elsewhere in Europe out of fear. People like Metternich and the Holy Alliance tried to preserve their old orders and suppress these revolutionary movements unknowing of the consequences. Liberalism had another effect among the people as it caused a social war with boldly calling it as “everybody or poor vs the rich”. Overall, these revolutions failed what they set out to do
Liberal capitalism was as well known and tried system in Great Britain during the 19th century. However, around the late 19th century a new system began to appear, communism. These two systems were quite different when it came to their political and economic views. This new system gave rise to some believing that maybe it was time for Great Britain to change their former system of liberal capitalism to one that is more communist in nature. Others believed it was better to leave the system as it was. To decide on which would be better for the country one must first look at the ideas that lay behind both liberal capitalism and communism. One had to delve into the core of both systems and discover not only the positive implications, but also the possible negative implications as well.
Over the course of this class, we have focused on four main theories for viewing the different facets of world politics: realism, liberalism, radicalism, and constructivism. Each theory has its own merits and appeals to my way of thinking for distinct reasons. I appreciate the attempted focus on rationale and “calling things what they are” attitude of realism. Realists do not attempt to sugarcoat how they see the anarchic system at work. They acknowledge the “dog eat dog” mentality and account for it when trying to act in the interest of their state. Also, I understand the argument that radicals have against our economic system. I have seen the exploitation of the have-not’s for the profit of the elites in several different contexts. Indeed, I find it understandable that they would feel that the economy is the main factor at fault. It does regulate a lot of interaction between states. Constructivism raises valid points as well. It is worth it to consider how much of what we believe about the world around us is what we believe, simply, because we have been taught so by others.
being of an individual depends on the well-being of their cultural group or whose cultural
...terial and industrial developments of the time period were the most rapid and powerful changes the Europeans had ever seen. The Liberals seemed to believe that they could and would change Europe to make it the Europe that they had fought for. They looked at the past with respect to all of the progress that was made and what it took to get there but the detestable attitude towards the non- Liberals that caused them all their trouble was not easily missed. All of the improvement and advancements they made was sometimes overlooked.
Modern Liberalism can be tied to the creation of the President Woodrow Wilson’s speech “The World must be made safe Democracy, Fourteen Points”. One of the points, the last one called for the creation of a League Nations. The purpose of the League was create a forum where na-tions can discuss their differences without resorting to war and to maintain each nation’s politi-cal and territorial integrity. The league turned out to be a failure for three reasons: One the United States, which championed its cause did not join due to an isolationist world view other major nations were excluded such as Russia and Germany, creating a lack of legitimacy and prestige. Second, the lack to authority to have nations contribute military power to enforce its will if economic sanctions did not work. Third, the international community was not ready for a League concept.
Aristotle, Locke, and Hobbes all place a great deal of importance on the state of nature and how it relates to the origin of political bodies. Each one, however, has a different conception of what a natural state is, and ultimately, this leads to a different conception of what a government should be, based on this natural state. Aristotle’s feelings on the natural state of man is much different than that of modern philosophers and leads to a construction of government in and of itself; government for Hobbes and Locke is a departure from the natural state of man.
In my opinion the liberal view is definitely the ideology that suits me the most. On page 440 it states that children conceived outside of marriage are considered to conservatives, as “illegitimate”, meaning that they are not a legitimate part of society. Being a single mother of two boys, both conceived outside of marriage, I take a great offense to that statement. Both of my children are an active, thriving part in today’s society, making them in no way, shape, or form, illegitimate. All children are human beings, and innocent, therefore, I feel that no one should look down upon, or degrade a child. Moreover, they don’t deserve to be punished for the choices their parents made before they were born. While the conservatives believe that
Liberalism has contributed to the understanding of International Relations as an academic discipline and through organizations such as the United Nations, the European Union, the League of Arab States, and others in what many consider to be a very influential manner.
In American history, the elements of the American liberal democratic tradition that were most relevant in the society were individual freedom, economic freedom, equality, and democracy. Liberal democracy refers to the people being the rulers with guarantees of individual freedom and equality and that it focuses on individual liberty as an essential to protecting that liberty. The two biggest challenges that liberal democracy faces are one balancing equality and liberty and the other is balancing the government’s needs for individual freedom and legitimacy. Liberal democracy plays a major role in our society to limit government power in interfering with liberty while as it ensures that the government protects liberties. The elements of
Why and how did globalization occur? Different perspectives have different explanations as to why and how globalization evolved. Realists argue that international trade is most effective when there is hegemony in the world market, whereas liberalists believe that it is a matter of how countries use the idea of reciprocity in their decision about trade. I agree with the realist perspective because hegemony allows the global economy to enhance and international trade functions the best when a hegemon dominates the world market.
From Greek polis to French absolutism to Italian fascism, political system has varied across both spatial domain and temporal range. The dynamism with which the zeitgeist sways from one political system to other raises an essential question: Is there a final form of government? The dynamism, which has propagated other forms of governance in the past, now seems to favour liberal democracy, and many have posited the argument that liberal democracy is the final form of government. However, to establish such a case, three conditions need to be met. This essay will discuss what the three conditions are, how the three conditions are not met, or in cases they are met, the reasons for their insufficiency for the end of history with liberal democracy, and other shortcomings within the current political framework that suggest otherwise.