The Invasion of Panama
analytical Essay
932 words
American presidents often establish foreign policies that effect the country’s citizens oversees and in America. The Invasion of Panama was part of the restoration of America’s military prestige, after years of misgivings. The Panama Invasion was the extension of the domestic plans for a Drug-Free America (US II. 33). Lastly, the Invasion of Panama is an example of presidential foreign policies that involve America in foreign affairs.
The Panama Invasion was a conflict that was the beginning to better decision-making, but had faults of its own, that followed through to the Persian-Gulf War of 1991. It started with the decision to invade Grenada; President Reagan’s ability to “react quickly and convincingly to a perceived threat to regional stability” (Decision-Making) was key to the re-buildup of the American military prestige. Unfortunately this decision had caught the U.S “off-guard, as there were no plans for such on there were not even adequate maps upon which to base the most rudimentary reconnaissance” (Decision-Making). With the spontaneousness of Grenada, U.S decision makers were expected to react quickly and effectively. The decision makers had planned for complications but problems arose which they did not expect. The communication between the three services: army, navy, and air force, were not compatible, causing decision makers to a have a lack of consistent and instant knowledge of the operations. When the time came for the Panama Invasion came around, the preparedness was far better, even though it was primarily a “one-service operation conducted by the army” (Decision-Making).The most elusive aspect for planners was the enemy, Manuel Noriega. The primary purpose of the invasion was to remove President Manuel Nori...
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... Intelligence and Security. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 312-315. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=UHIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3403300213&userGroupName=mlin_s_hullhs&jsid=2be90fb974b37f6aca36a57ec3c49ff7
4. "Operation Just Cause Pamphlet." American Decades Primary Sources. Ed. Cynthia Rose. Vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 278-281. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/uhic/PrimarySourcesDetailsPage/PrimarySourcesDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=PrimarySources&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=UHIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3490201716&userGroupName=mlin_s_hullhs&jsid=68dd910f93f1958acb34cbec8722593c
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the invasion of panama is an example of presidential foreign policies that involve america in foreign affairs.
- Describes the panama invasion as the beginning to better decision-making, but had faults of its own, that followed through to the persian-gulf war of 1991
- Explains that the drug enforcement administration, or dea, was facing an uphill battle in its beginning because drug use was less common but more deadly.
- Explains the connection between drugs and arms and terrorism on september 11, 2001. the push force a stop to drug trafficking began when the u.s policy of foreign affairs and interventions changed under reagan.
- Explains that the u.s policy for foreign interventions from 1946-81 was to shift of support for right-wing regimes, and cut off aid to dictatorships. president reagan reversed this by launching operation urgent fury on grenada.
- Cites encyclopedia of the american military: studies of history, traditions, policies, institutions and roles of armed forces in war and peace, by john e. jessup and louise b. ketz.
- Explains that americas, modern u.s. security policy and interventions. encyclopedia of espionage, intelligence and security.
- Explains that knight, judson, and brenda wilmoth lerner's encyclopedia of espionage, intelligence and security. gale u.s. history in context.
- Explains that operation just cause pamphlet was published in american decades primary sources. gale u.s. history in context.
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- Bay of Pigsanalytical essayThe Bay of Pigs project came to life when President Eisenhower approved an initial budget of $4,400,000; political action, $950,000; propaganda, $1,700,000; paramilitary, $1,500,000; intelligence collection, $250,000. (“BAY OF PIGS: THE PLAN”) The invasion, a year later, would cost over $46 million. (“BAY OF PIGS: THE PLAN”) The Bay of Pigs affair was an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba on April 17, 1961, at Playa Girón (the Bay of Pigs) by about two thousand Cubans who had gone into exile after the 1959 revolution. (“BAY OF PIGS: THE PLAN”) Encouraged by members of the CIA who trained them, the invaders believed they would have air and naval support from the United States and that the invasion would cause the people of Cuba to rise up and overthrow. (“BAY OF PIGS: THE PLAN”) The landing began shortly before midnight on Sunday, April 16, after a team of frogmen went ashore and set up landing lights to guide the operation. (“THE CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS”) The failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion was due to a lack of planned strategy, miscommunication, and mismanagement of planning.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the bay of pigs project came to life when president eisenhower approved an initial budget of $4,400,000, political action, $950,000, propaganda, and intelligence collection.
- Analyzes how the lack of strategic planning led to the failure of the bay of pigs invasion.
- Analyzes how the miscommunication of the united states proved to be a leading factor in the failed invasion and an embarrassment to the kennedy administration.
- Analyzes how the us government noticed that a high death rate was possible. the rebel army led by the cubans had hoped to find help and support in the local town populations, intending to cross to havana.
- Explains that the failure of the bay of pigs invasion was due to a lack of planned strategy, miscommunication, and mismanagement of planning.
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In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the united states has carried a tainted record in conducting just operations involving regime changes.
- Explains that operation just cause was the invasion of panama by the united states in december 1989. it was spearheaded by president george h. w. bush and its goal was to replace general noriega with guillermo endara.
- Explains that the united states, before resorting to war, needed to ensure that they would be capable of following the six major rules of the just war theory.
- Explains that operation just cause received a high approval rating by the american public throughout the invasion and was effective in replacing the dictator of general noriega. this inward view was met with opposition from the international community.
- Opines that the united states followed the principles of just war theory when they invaded panama to replace general noriega's regime.
- Explains that the first of three just cause theory principles is jus ad bellum, or the justice of war.
- Explains that the first rule under jus ad bellum that must be satisfied is just cause.
- Explains that the u.s. was justified in invading panama based on the principle of aggression.
- Explains that the u.s. had the right intention in invading panama, mainly for the defense of their people and to uphold the rights of others in response to the aggression from noriega.
- Explains that the u.s. was a minimally just society in 1989, recognized by the international community, didn't violate other countries rights, and made every reasonable effort to satisfy the human rights of its citizens.
- Explains that the fourth rule that must be satisfied under jus ad bellum is last resort. the u.s. made the just decision in going to war after years of diplomatic efforts to obtain peace.
- Explains that the united states had the advantage of planning the invasion and superior military technology over noriega and his soldiers.
- Explains that proportionality is the last rule that needed to be met in order to show that the u.s. resorted to war in a just manner.
- Opines that the controversy over the number of civilian casualties should not obscure the important debate on the manner in which those people died.
- Analyzes how walzer responds to the claims on proportionality by asking how to measure the value of a country's independence against defeating an aggressive regime.
- Explains that the united states followed the principles of jus in bello, which is adhering to the right conduct in the midst of battle.
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In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how teddy roosevelt's approach in the development of the panama canal exemplified his willingness to use the threatening power of military rather than back down and honor the wishes of a foreign country.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that the u.s. has a long history of intervening within other countries, whether it is for political reasons or otherwise.
- Explains that cuba and the u.s. first had governmental relations in 1899, and a treaty was made stating the cuba was an independent nation under us protection and occupation.
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- Explains that the bay of pigs invasion was planned during the eisenhower administration and executed during kennedy's presidency.
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- Opines that the u.s. should look past the idea of communism in the western hemisphere.
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In this essay, the author
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