The International Market
The importance of international trade
The reason countries trade
additional income from sale of goods/services
selling overseas bring in money to by from other countries
quality of live of all countries involved can be improved
foreign trade = buying and selling of goods /services between different counties in the world
Import = bought from other country – outflow of funds
Export = sold to other country – inflow of funds
Visible trade = import and export of goods
Invisible trade = import and export of services (tourism, transport, insurance…)
principle of comparative costs:
Difference between climate or natural resources countries have to trade in order to obtain goods which they cannot produce themselves
specialisation and differentiation in commodities for which they have a comparative advantage (low production costs)
import commodities from countries where production is comparative cheaper
Balance of trade (trade gap)
= records the value of countries’ imports and exports
favourable – when exports exceed imports ( surplus has been created)
adverse (unfavourable) – when imports exceed exports ( deficit has been created)
Balance of payment
visibles = goods
invisibles = services
= a statement of the difference in total value of all payments made to other countries and the total payment received from them
includes visibles and invisibles
shows weather the country is making a profit or a loss in its dealings with other countries
favourable – net inflow of capital (country has earned more than it spent)
adverse – net outflow (country has spent more than it has earned)
current account = records trade in goods and services
capital account = records flows for investment and saving purposes
Correcting a balance of trade deficit
temporary measures:
• borrowing from International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• obtaining loans from abroad
• drawing on gold and currency reserves
• selling off foreign assets
!!!increase in exports!!!
government: offering incentives to firms (tax relief, special credit facilities, subsidies)
Devaluation
= lowering the value of currency in relation to other currencies
makes imported goods more expensive and exports cheaper
Deflation
if people’s income or its spending power is reduced they will buy fewer products (imports)
wage rise controls, restricting credit and hire purchase, increasing interest rates, increasing taxes
Exchange control
= Central bank places a limit on the amounts of foreign currency hat can be bought
supply of domestic currency on the market is reduced raising in the price of the currency
Import control
= use of tariffs and quotas
tariff = a duty or tax on imports to increase their costs and discourage purchase
quota = numerical limit on the numbers of a commodity which can be imported
Trade is the most common form of transferring ownership of a product. The concepts are very simple, I give you something (a good or service) and you give me something (a good or service) in return, everyone is happy. However, trade is not limited to two individuals. There are trades that happen outside national borders and we refer to that as international trading. Before a country does international trading, they do research to understand the opportunity costs and marginal costs of their production versus another countries production. Doing this we can increase profit, decrease costs and improve overall trade efficiency. Currently, there are negotiations going on between 11 countries about making a trade agreement called the Trans-Pacific
In a protectionist position, the government is aiming to ensure American businesses and at the same time decrease the amount of sales of foreign business. The fastest method for accomplishing this task is to increase tariffs, as in taxes on foreign goods coming into the country.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Trade, of course, is only part of a larger network of relationships between our two countries. This network evolves in response to many complex influences, and exporters need to consider how our two countries' ever-expanding, ever-changing relationships will affect their activities. To take just a few examples:
Tariffs are perhaps the most common way to restrict, or at least slightly discourage, foreign imports. Tariffs are, quite simply, taxes on imported goods. The thought behind imposing tariffs upon these goods is that it will cost more for foreign producers to sell their goods in the United States. However, the tariff is often passed down to the consumer. Even if the buyer can afford the cheaper American substitute for the product, the consumer is still robbed of fair choices between substitutes which throws off the fundamental forces of the market. Thus goes the anti-tariff argument. [2] Tariff-based protectionism does have its benefits, though. Due to fluctuations in currency prices, it is sometimes possible for foreign exporters to charge unnaturally low prices for their products. This is called dumping and will greatly reduce the sales of the domestic competitor. A tariff can be added to artificially raise the price of the foreign product. While this comes at the expense of consumers who wish to buy the cheapest products, it benefits American businesses and thus can indirectly benefit cons...
The goals and functions of world trade today vary from when it started. Long distance trading today is a big part of everyday life for us. Most of our products, as you can see, come from China, Japan, Italy and other places across the ocean. Where would we be today if long distance trading wasn’t a part of everyday life? Asia and Europe play a huge part in our lives, and in what we eat, function with, and for children, play with. When long distance trading first started, it wasn’t as important as it is now. Traders mostly supplied goods for the rich who could afford these valuable goods, and afford the long distance accommodations. Supplies like gold, spices, silks, and others were sold to the rich and they were valued depending on weight and distance of the trade. A large part of the exchange economy was local, dealing with crops, and local manufactured products. The only problem with this was that it wasn’t pricey and it didn’t weigh much compared to long distance supplies, which made it difficult to make any profit whatsoever. Sometimes, to help out locals and the upper echelon, goods were traded for other goods instead of money. The most important part of trade was having a market to trade with. If there was no market, there was no business, and if there is no business there was no jobs, and money coming in for locals in that area. (The Worlds History, Spodek, 2001, Ch. 12)
as a result prices begin to fall. Because of the surplus of goods and falling
This is a monetary policy which involves the government’s intervention to curb disorderly trends in the foreign currencies level. In case the quantity of a local currency goes down, the central bank uses the foreign currencies to buy its currency from the foreign economies. This ensures that the economy has ample home currency and thus enough money in circulation.
Clare McAndrew, (2010, February 10), Fine Art and High Finance: Expert Advice on the Economics of Ownership, Bloomberg Press, P235-267
...price and devaluation of the domestic currency to bring it back to A from A’ the country has to sell off its Foreign assets.
Global trade occurs between many nations. While the intent of free trade is just that for trade to occur freely without government intervention in the open market. The truth is that governments do intervene in free trade imposing many sanctions, tariffs, quotas and other economic policies to limit free trade. To better regulate governments role in free trade a General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created in 1947 (Carbaugh, 2011, p. 191). GATT helped trade by having all nations, included in the original group, trade on mutually beneficial policies. GATT has since been replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that still honors many policies of GATT that now includes 153 nations that is inclusive of 97% of all world trade.
The international business development has heightened the importance of international market selection (IMS) of companies, especially for their exporting strategy. However, not many companies really comprehend the geographical, social, economic characteristics of foreign countries in comparison with their home countries (Cavusgil, 1985). This fact has challenged many studies to create the optimal approach for IMS. The major question is: Which foreign market should a company enter? Thus, this report focuses on providing a practical consultancy to evaluate and determine its most appropriate foreign markets.
Marketing is a very broad term, which encompasses all the activities that help businesses in identifying their customers and needs of their target market, utilising all the communication resources in order to target their target market, eventually persuading them to purchase the organisations products and services. It is much broader than the concept of selling, as selling just includes techniques of direct communication used to persuade the customers to buy the products and services of an organisation. In fact, sales are the integral part of marketing. Marketing also helps organisations to utilise all resources in an efficient way to gain customer satisfaction, which will eventually help in the growth of the company. While, on one hand, marketers tend to focus on the needs and preferences of the customers, they also need to keep a close eye on their competitors (Gillespie, 2010). Companies always look to beat down their competition with providing better products and/or services, or by providing less-expensive goods to the customers than their competitors, in order to achieve or maintain the leading position in the industry. The core focus of this paper is to identify and discuss the core aspects how managers could maintain the marketing activities of the organisation in the global context.
Globalization encourages worldwide business. Globalization is an efficient process by which all the nations of world will commonly try to set regular universal standards & regulations (both created & recommended) which will encourage business around different nations. Business around nations or elements crosswise over different fringes is called universal business.
Globalisation has been one of the most significant developments of the last half century, and issues such as trade and international commerce have become increasingly important. In consequence, problems such as poverty, unfair wages and poor working conditions in third world countries have been drawn to the attention of consumers (Hayes and Moore, 2007). This is a growing global issue which cannot be ignored by anyone concerned about the problems in developing countries. Free trade and Fair Trade have both been offered as solutions to these issues.
Regardless of the success of your company on a national scale, to engage yourself in a successful venture outside of your borders requires several critical elements that one must acknowledge and apply with great care. One of those requirements would be to thoroughly research the cultural environment in which you wish to launch your product no matter how popular and indispensable you believe it might be. In the past, many national giants have hit the wall when introducing a foreign market or launching a new marketing campaign because of the cultural gap they encountered on the other side of their borders. Another way of preventing a flop on an international market is to carefully study the economical past of this country, which might differ quite a bit from the one the company flourished in. In addition to the previous precautions, it Would be advise to make sure that your product will blend seamlessly within the spending habits of the consumers. Overall, meticulous market studies and patience often constitute the way to success on a foreign soil.