Abstract.
Contemporary architectural practice, design and theory have been influenced by digital technologies in the past decades. Shape grammars, “a rule-based expert system in artificial intelligence generating geometric shapes”(1) is one of the first bases in architecture for using computational process. Shape grammar in art and architecture have been used so early, during the 70ies and 80ies after its invention.
The rule of forming grammatical sentences from words in dictionary used as a grammar in natural languages, and in architecture the rule of making structures from shapes, properties, labels and other elements are used as grammar.
This paper addresses the influence of shape grammar on contemporary architectural
design
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Shape grammar as an analytical tool performs predictably. As an analytical tool shape grammar mainly considered to be “ formulate a hypothesis of how a style is constructed.”. The analysis is reconstructing samples of architectural styles which uses sets of parts and rules, that achieved by breaking down the style.
Shape grammar as a digital tool.
By using shape grammar, an analytical approach with the combining of set rules and grammar language, it created the development of pure and new designs. The creation of new design and grammar language with the bases on the current one, have been created as a method by Knight in 1981. According to Knight, “it can be used to characterize the historical evolution of known styles into succeeding ones as well as to develop new designs”. (5)For teaching architectural composition shape grammar have been used in the early 90ies. As a design teaching tool it used at MIT, Harvard, UCLA and Yale for architecture students to explore certain buildings in order to learn about the architectural language of them. Later on in the PHD programs at MIT, architecture students developed shape grammar as a generative design tool in their design
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The building located in Thessaloniki, Greece is a multi-unit housing with five family apartments , various from 70 to 120 sqm. As brief described, sustainable technologies should be apply. For satisfying the brief and taking the advantages of the luminous climate in Greece, using photovoltaic panels on the roof or an external wall have been considered. For applying this panels, some of the building elements had to be slopped. So designing a slopped building element , no matter it is a roof or an external wall, become a main idea. The development of initial shape have been shown in Fig 2.
5. Cited from SHAPE GRAMMAR IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL
THEORY AND DESIGN, Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering Vol. 10, No 2, 2012, pp. 169 – 178, by Bojan Tepavčević, Vesna Stojaković Fig 2.
First step of design was describing rules and starting the initial ideas by this rules. The variation of initial shape developed by Local rule and Global rule. Which Local rule described as initial core shape “forming a battery of a core element comprised
well as given a general understanding of the A-B-A design, as described in Royse, et al. VC was
Throughout the years, technology has changed the way live. This has included the way we build magnificent buildings. Old wonders like the Pyramids at Giza have fascinated people for years. There is another building concept that has attracted people’s attention for ages as well, domes.
The history of Architecture started long time ago. The nomadic were groups of people whom move from one place to another in order find shelter and food to survive. As they progress, their techniques to survive evolve. The need for a permanent shelter became vital for a better stability of the group. This is the time when the first structures that provided protection appeared. Post and lintel were the first forms of Architecture, that satisficed the basic needs. Architecture evolved to be more sophisticated and fulfill the people’s needs. Consequently, Architecture evolved throughout different periods such as: Ancient architecture, Romanesque, The medieval, Renaissance, Early modern, and the industrial age, Modernism and Contemporary architecture. During the Medieval period a style of Architecture named Gothic Architecture was very notorious. The concept of this type of Architecture still continuous now days, in the city of Los Angeles many building have taken this concept of Gothic Architectural Style and have developed to a new level of experience and expression. Some of them have recreated in a modern way the features of the physical aspects of this style. Other structures have taken this concept beyond the physical features and used the emotional concept behind Gothic Style to connect people feelings with magnificent elements of the Cathedrals.
integrity by using a flared foothold, or pier, and the terrain to anchor each end of the span. It was
are used as the integral components of the architectural design, this reflecting a conceptual cohesion that is missed in previous architecture.
Fanella, D. (2011). Reinforced concrete structures: analysis and design / David A. Fanella. New York: McGraw-Hill, c2011.
It is responsive to the knowledge and models of experts and practitioners in the field. Ex, The 2012 Performance Improvement/HPT
After completion of this step the architects use the surveying drawing to develop a working drawing for the building. In these drawing you will see triangles, rectangles, squares, arches and other geometry shapes and forms to create their design. The architects through our history have used these shapes to create famous structures all over the world. If you go back to Roman historical sites you will see such examples like the great Coliseum. A great example can be seen is the famous Egyptian pyramid. Some other famous structures are the Eiffel Tower which is in Italy, and Chrysler building in New York. If you look around your neighborhood houses, you will see these shapes.
(if it exists) is used to perform tasks or to view and gather data, mostly to solve crimes which have occurred.
Human beings are susceptible to the force of nature. They had to make shelter for themselves. Material was one of the most basic tools to create shelter. By development of building construction, selection and use of materials also developed. The relationship between the architecture and the materials before invention of modern materials was simple and generally naturally [1]; in the past, architects always use tradition materials according their experimental skills. For choosing structural materials, they had attention to important factors such as availability (local materials) and harmony with climate and culture [2], although this way was forward with feedback. But this relationship was not continuing simply.
Solar Flare Studios. "Modern Architecture : International Style." Solar Flare Studios. Accessed April 22, 2014. http://www.solarflarestudios.com/demosites/architecture/international.htm.
With the help of architectural engineers, our world has become very civilized and advanced over the past decades. Like all other engineers, architectural engineers use logic and creativity to solve problems. They come up with effective designs to assist people in their everyday tasks. In our daily lives we are surrounded by buildings. Places that were once a dessert are turned into cities that now hold amazing buildings. Houses, schools, shopping centers, offices, apartments, airports, etc. are very essential in our society. These buildings do not only please the eye, but they also provide us with shelter and are made to withstand hurricanes, earthquakes, snow storms, and strong winds. Would these buildings still function efficiently and provide us with a stable shelter if it were not for architectural engineers? There are different engineers with each their own expertise, but for buildings in particular, architectural engineers are needed. Architectural engineering, also known as building engineering, is an interdisciplinary program that integrates important knowledge from different disciplines such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering , architecture, physics, chemistry, biology, and economics (“Building Engineering”). An architectural engineering professional has to master all the different disciplines because the design of building systems often requires the application of the disciplines. Architectural engineers are important in today’s society because they possess the knowledge and qualifications to work on complex buildings, lead project teams, and most importantly, to provide us with a safe environment.
Green buildings are not only designed for present use, but consideration is also been given to future uses as well. An adaptable structure can be "recycled" many times over the course of its useful life. If specific technical issues prevent use of the building for a new function, then the materials used in its construction are designed to facilitate ease of recycling and reprocessing of materials.
Chua, Ian Y. H. Civil and Structural Engineering Resource Web. 29 Jan. 2000. 2 Mar.