CHAPTER 2: THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2.1 Review of the Literature
2.1.1 Comparative analysis Pickvance (2005) stated that comparative analysis is the gaining better understanding of a causal process. With the juxtaposition of the residents’ and tourists ‘perceptions, the researchers identified the similarities and differences of both. Thus, this will result to building the destination image of Siquijor and can lead to a basis for tourism development and marketing.
2.1.2 Image Image is defined as a person’s total views of a certain place (Bigne, Sanchez, & Sanchez, 2001). It is said to be an atmosphere, angle and a personal view joining the numerous representations of the similar message transmitter (World Tourism Organization, 1979; Milman
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148). Moutinho, (1987) implies that perception is shaped by how people relate with each other. Furthermore, perceptions are usually formed even without experience and by just having knowledge, and these perceptions can influence attitudes to travel to a destination. Tourists base their decisions to travel on how they feel or sense about the destination that they intend to visit. Perceptions can either be positive or negative because participants and respondents have different perceptions wherein most of them base their perceptions on their beliefs. Reisinger and Turner, (2003) have put forward three types of perceptions that have important roles in destination image. These are perceptions of other people, perceptions of one’s own, and perceptions of the perceptions also known as meta-perceptions. Meta-perceptions can be critical in developing positive perceptions on destination image (Goodrich, 1978). Developing positive perceptions can be challenging because there can be biased sources of information, stereotypes, culture, media and even the ‘hallo effect’ (Reisinger & Turner, 2003). Therefore, perceptions and stereotypes can be inaccurate and could affect the destination image. Residents’ perception of a place involves how they see and feel about their usual place of living. Their perceptions are a great factor in building destination image. Their way of life, beliefs and tradition is what define them as a community. It is important to know perceptions of their place as a tourism destination and of the tourism industry because it is a way of gaining support and cooperation for tourism projects (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2009; Harill,
Vargas-Sánchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N., Plaza-Mejía, M. 2011. Explaining Residents’ Attitudes to Tourism: Is a Universal Model Possible?, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 38, Issue 2, pp. 460-80.
Tourism is a method to demonstrate the community’s pride and to teach others of their wonderful culture. Although tourism is astronomically i...
Tourism, in many developed countries, has reached a point of maturity where resorts which flouris...
Film induced tourism has grown in every aspect around the globe whether its because of the curiosity of the people to indulge in this kind of tourism or just being a part of the artificial world. Then it comes to define film tourism many authors have different views, according to Hudson and Ritch (2006a), it is describe as people visiting places which are directly influenced by films to see the landscapes, building, places as it was shown on TV, advertisement or in cinema screen. In addition to the meaning above for film induced tourism, Riley & Van Doren, (1992) further added that people visiting these places may be overwhelm with the romantic gaze of the place, and feel emotionally attached to it and also with the focal points of the film such as actors and their attributes, where they used to live, themes, social patterns and so on. However this essay will also discuss the originality of film tourism and its implications towards the destination and how it effects the local culture and community.
It argued that the increase the number of tourists and tourism development, the greater the emergence of hostility from local residents. In a recent study (Allen, Long, Perdue and Kieselbach, 1988), it was argued that low-to-moderate tourism development would be perceived as beneficial to the local residents, but their perceptions turned negative quickly as the development increased. Another scholar, Fridgen (1991) also asserted that residents began to have negative stereotypes about tourism and its development in the defined stage of antagonism.
Literature on tourist experience outlines the importance of both motivation and expectation in the overall evaluation of the experience of a destination. Although there are a number of variables shaping the tourist behaviour, motivation and expectation are often considered as the most critical ones as they constitute the driving force behind all behavioural actions of tourists towards a destination (Fodness, 1994). This is also reiterated by
Tourism impacts can be generally classified into seven categories with each having both positive and negative impacts. These impacts include; economic, environmental, social and cultural, crowding and congestion, taxes, and community attitude. It is essential for a balance on array of impacts that may either positively or negatively affect the resident communities. Different groups are concerned about different tourism impacts that affect them in one way or another. Tourism’s benefits can be increased by use of specific plans and actions. These can also lead to decrease in the gravity of negative impacts. Communities will not experience every impact but instead this will depend on particular natural resources, development, or spatial patterns (Glen 1999).
In his paper ‘Understanding the relationship between tourism destination imagery and tourist photography’, Brian Garrod recalls the same theory, but wants to study this relation deeper.
Nowadays in the rea of globalization, according to the World Tourism Organization, “seven hundred million people travelled abroad in 2003”, and the number is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. (International Labour Organization, 2005). Tourism is spreading in unusual places. A lot of people want to be in the midst of adventure. It is a vital source of revenues for the GDP of many countries. I partially agree that tourism hugely benefits the local community. This essay will discuss some of the economic, social and environment effect of tourism on the host community.
Tourism is an important and intricate element to society. It affects economical, social, cultural and environmental elements. Tourism can be argued to have a negative impact on the environment and decrease our already depleting resources, but tourism can also be argued to be a major contributor to strengthening economies, spread cultural traditions and improve people’s lives. Tourism
Cunha (1997) ADD that there have always have several tourist motivations to travel, by religious, commercial message , sport, leisure time or the simpleton desire to know other people and cultures. To further improve the outgrowth and ontogenesis of touristry , Mack (1995) highlighted the following variables: the oncoming of motor traffic , the augmentation of paid leave of absence , the trend of yearly genuine wages, the leaning to a specific monetary smoothing, reduction of hours work and the increase of free metre available, the growth of life anticipation , the changes and the similarity of some present professions. Gary Cooper , John Fletcher , Wanhill, Gb and Shepherd (1998) concludes that touristry diligence is a major economic action worldwide, and is currently a basic action for different nations and district with a nonstop development of this movement in the course of Recent epoch years (Krippendorf, 1989). Beni (2003) considered that all tourism activities that make up the tourism, hotel is one of the most important sub-sphere , with the trapping to establish itself as a key fruit component of this activeness in stoppage ing the bit of hotel establishment , while growing tourist activity (Batista, 2003). Pine tree (1995) considered that the tourism, hotel is one of the important
Prayag, G. (2009) Tourist Evaluation of Destination Image, Satisfaction and Future, Behavioural Intention. Journal of Travel and tourism marketing, 26(8), 826-853
Destination branding process divided into five phrases: strategy orientation, destination identity and image, stakeholder involvement, implementation, monitoring and review ( Baker and Cameron, 2008 ). This process confirmed the importance of branding and as well underlining the complexity that relates to a destination branding process. Examples of strategy orientation such as definition’s market are measured and segmented, the main competition is identified and also all the issues is addressed. Secondly, destination identity and image mean that the need of brand image, brand positioning, tourist’s experiences and brand awareness. Thirdly is stakeholder investment. Government, local agencies, local residents are involved in this stage. Lastly, the impl...
When people travel to a destination, they sure have some motivation to motivate them to make the decision. ‘Motivation’ is the key term that will make the tourist to consider the reason to travel around. During the decision making process, people will consider some of the reasons before they confirm travel to a destination. The research that has conducted in The Netherland found out a remarkably high propensity to travel, 70% of the populations are taking one holiday per year and 24% was taking two holidays per year for holiday. Some of the people will affect their decision making by looking at destination image or some of the impact advertising. On the internet, business people will use image and advertising to attract tourist to travel to the destination by using image that they edit before. This is part of the marketing to promote their country to tourist. For family traveler, they will consider the distance and transportation travel to the destination. When go for travel, tourist will bring the whole family to travel. Then, they will consider old people who travel long journey are very hard for them. If one of the family members are senior citizen, they need to consider their healthy. Some of the senior citizen cannot take long journey, such as they have sickness. Bring children go for holiday also need to be consider. Some of the children will afraid of the highest in the plane, so they will feel uncomfortable. There is plenty of reason need to consider before making any decision to travel. For understanding tourist motivation and decision making is for two main reason, planning consideration and economic consideration. (Page & Connell, 2009) Before the tourist travel to a destination, they need to think about culture, climat...
The socio-cultural impacts of tourism described here are the effects on host communities of direct and indirect relations with tourists, and of interaction with the tourism industry. For a variety of reasons, host communities often are the weaker party in interactions with their guests and service providers, leveraging any influence they might have. These influences are not always apparent, as they are difficult to measure, depend on value judgments and are often indirect or hard to identify.