In the paper industry, paper and paperboard are di erentiated by the grade of the nishing sur- face and its functionality. Whiteness, opacity and gloss are quality parameters that are directly related to the optical properties of paper, e.g. brightness and surface roughness. Quantifying the e ect that surface roughness has on, e.g. gloss uniformity, is of most importance for dif- ferent paper grades and an important parameter to control during the di erent stages of the manufacturing process [?]. Polyethylene(PE) coating is just one of the multiple nishing found in the paper industry, mostly used in packaging for food due to its excellent barrier functionality against moisture. To most coatings applied in paperboard, the surface roughness is one of the more de ning parameters …show more content…
Others have applied image correlations and descriptors taken from machine vision disciplines of these cross-sections in order to predict behaviors in paper formation [?]. Although these methods provide good agreements of the local behavior a ecting the paper composition, it is not suitable to scan large areas from the samples, that requires extensive sample preparation and high equipment expertise, e.g. to use Focusing Ion Beam. A much simpler application is to image the surface topography of a sample from the top using the di erent detectors found on the SEM. The sample stage found in most SEM has the capability to orient the sample toward the detector and image it from di erent perspectives. One technique borrowed from photogrammetry is using stereopairs images to obtain a disparity map of the same scene and calculate the depth information associated its projection [?]. Increases in computational power and better detectors with capabilities of sharper images found it in most SEM nowadays have motivated the integration of professional stereo photogrammetry tools, e.g. MEX from
...the mass spectrometer. This is called an electron impact source. Gases and volatile liquid samples are allowed to leak into the ion source from a reservoir. Non-volatile solids and liquids may be introduced directly. Cations formed by the electron bombardment (red dots) are pushed away by a charged repeller plate (anions are attracted to it), and accelerated toward other electrodes, having slits through which the ions pass as a beam. Some of these ions fragment into smaller cations and neutral fragments. A perpendicular magnetic field deflects the ion beam in an arc whose radius is inversely proportional to the mass of each ion. Lighter ions are deflected more than heavier ions. By varying the strength of the magnetic field, ions of different mass can be focused progressively on a detector fixed at the end of a curved tube. Because the mass of each individual ion
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was employed extensively through want this study to examine and obtain images of prepared samples. The associated analytical facility of Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis was used to identify and quantify the elemental composition of the prepare samples.
The size of the sample must be quite small, because it is stated so in
...t as those soldiers a century ago. Detecting and staying educated on new discoveries keeps our country prepared for future use.
Prior to the invention of the daguerreotype, the Camera Obscura was the main optical instrument that was used to project images onto paper. The Camera Obscura was a device in the shape of a box that allowed light, which was being reflected from the images that the user was intending to capture, to enter through an opening at one end of the box to form an image on a surface and an artist would then trace the image to form the most accurate impression of an image at that peri...
improve any paper. By rereading, I catch the silly grammatical errors such as having “the the” or just
There are many factor that will influence the composing process and help the writer to
...e slide and the highest power objective lens is brought down until a "bridge" is created between the objective lens and cover slip. Immersion oil possesses a refractive index close to the refractive index of glass; allowing very little refraction of light rays. Resolution quality can be dramatically improved by the use of immersion oil as it increases the numerical aperture of the objective lens (microscope-microscope.org). Oil immersion eliminates chromatic defects and assists in stopping spherical aberration by producing a partially converged light cone before entering the objective lens. With an object at the aplanatic point ( the focal point and in the centre of the field) of the objective lens, there is no spherical aberration. Oil immersion greatly improves resolution, corrects chromatic defects and stops spherical aberration (microscope-microscope.org).
HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is an analytical technique which separates a complex mixture of components into its specific individual components. It is a powerful tool in analysis, as it combines high speed with extreme sensitivity compared to traditional methods of chromatography because of the use of a pump which creates a high pressure and forces the mobile phase to move with the analyte in high speed. It is been used as a principle technology in various automated analyzers used for diagnostic purpose.
PRINTING PRESS AND STANDARDISATION In 1476, William Caxton introduced England to the printing press. This significant introduction to one of the world’s greatest technological innovations, at the time, helped to increase the spread of literacy and knowledge amongst the British people as the mass production of books became cheaper and more commonly available. According to Mastin (2011), the first book ever printed, although Caxton’s own interpretation was ‘The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye’ in 1473. Furthermore, Mastin (2011) states that in the following 150 years after the introduction of printing, up to 20000 books were printed.
Qualitative and quantitative instruments were used in obtaining data for this instructional problem. The first instrument used was quantitative, the instructor gave students a writing assignment, and when it was graded, it was clear that there was a problem with effective topic and thesis statements, as well as general organization of the paper. To be sure that this wasn’t an isolated problem, the second instrument was developed; a quantitative instrument that surveyed the teachers, asking for information on their students comprehensive writing skills.
In this experiment, we worked with paper chromatography. Before discussing the experiment in full detail, we must first review what exactly paper chromatography is. Paper chromatography is a certain technique used for separating different mixtures. It uses a specific type of paper made up of cellulose, and has a solution that separates the mixture into the multiple substances that make up that mixture1. Paper chromatography can also test the purity of the mixtures as well2.
Meydenbauer began designing cameras that had all the main components that are required for photogrammetric instruments. These included the integration of a coordinate system for the image (which was created by crosshairs that projected on the photoplate during exposure) as well as a fixed focus used to define the principal distance or focal length (Albertz, 2007). Despite all this, Meydenbauer’s method of indirect measurements from images was not accepted and only after an abundance of technical improvements to his camera design and practical experiments did he succeed. This was 25 years after his original idea of the use of photographs for the survey and documentation of buildings (Klinkenberg,
Human beings are creative species. They have come up with great ideas and invented some wonderful tools since they have been on earth. From the time that someone threw a rock in the ground to make the first tool, to the introduction of the wheel, to the development of electricity and the Internet. These alterations, and many more have been made to provide us the modern life we are living today. There are many inventions that have changed the world dramatically. Historians suggest that the printing press was one of the most revolutionary inventions in the human history. The printing press was invented over five-hundred years ago and was the first step in transforming societal literacy. Around 1440, the printing press was invented by the German Johannes Gutenberg, who was the first to design a technique that has the ability to transform the ink from the movable type to paper. Basic development of the printing press was, the hand mold which is the process that enabled the production of metal movable types. Printing presses with this movable type mechanism increased the rates at which copies of books
used to make products such as plastic lumber, toys, containers, carpet, fiber fill for jackets