Metformin is administered orally. It is manufactured in active form. It is recommended that this medication be taken with food, but this decreases the bioavailability by delaying absorption (Wilbur, 2013). This medication undergoes first pass metabolism in the liver. On an empty stomach, the bioavailability of Metformin is approximately 50% to 60% and it takes 4 to 8 hours to reach peak plasma levels with steady state plasma levels being reached within 24 to 48 hours (U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2008). Metformin is eliminated through first-order kinetics with a half-life of close to 17 hours and it is excreted almost exclusively unchanged in the urine through tubular secretion (FDA, 2008).
Metformin is prescribed for long-term treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. It can be used alone or in combination with other drugs for diabetes management as part of a health plan that includes proper diet and exercise. Metformin, which has a low affinity for plasma protein binding, limits glucose production in the hepatic system, lowers absorption of glucose in the intestines and improves insulin sensitivity by enhancing uptake and utilization of glucose (FDA, 2008). This drug does not cause an increase in insulin, making it less likely to cause a patient to become hypoglycemic compared with other common antihyperglycemic medications.
The most common sides effects associated with Metformin are gastrointestinal complaints; some of which are severe enough to cause patients to discontinue the medication. These include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and indigestion (Wilbur, 2013). Patients should see a decline in these side effects with continued use. Taking Metformin with food helps with these GI side effect...
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...ion’s recommended immunization schedules for aged 0 through 18 years, the following vaccinations should be considered:
Meningococcal; 1 dose of Menactra or Menveo
Tetanus, diphtheria, & acellular pertussis (Tdap); 1 dose with toxoid booster every 10 years
Human papillomavirus; 3 dose series at 0, 1-2, and 6 months scheduled
The patient should also receive annual influenza vaccines.
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016)
The patient should be assessed for egg allergy before administering vaccinations. Common side effects of these vaccines may include low-grade fever and discomfort at the injection site. The Tdap vaccine is contraindicated in patients with a history of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Arcangelo, 2013). As with any vaccine, previous reaction to these vaccines or any of their components is a contraindication for vaccine administration.
Scheen AJ. Antidiabetic agents in subjects with mild dysglycaemia: Prevention or early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and Metabolism. 2007;33:3-12.
The molecular formula is C23H27FN4O2, with a molecular weight of 410.49 (Ereshefsky & Mascarena, 2003). Route of administration is oral. Once the drug passes the esophagus and stomach, it makes its way into the small intestines. There are beds of capillaries within the intestine walls.
Viagra is taken orally. It is quickly absorbed into the system and usually reaches its peak concentration in about 30 to 120 minutes. However, as with most orally administered drugs, taking the pill on a full stomach will slow down its absorption (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 5). Viagra is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome p450 system. It is converted into a metabolite that has properties similar to that of the pre-metabolized drug. Viagra and its metabolite have a "terminal half-life of about 4 hours" (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 4). Finally, Viagra is excreted primarily through feces in the form of metabolites (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 7).
Each day researchers are finding out about vaccines and are realizing that there are a lot more risks than benefits. Dr Phillip F. Incao explains: “Today, far more children suffer from allergies and other chronic immune system disorders than from life-threatening infectious disease. It is neither reasonable nor prudent to persist in presuming that the benefits of any vaccination outweigh its risk” (qtd in Spaker). While infectious diseases are becoming uncommon there is no need for any person to get vaccinated. There have been many issues surrounding vaccinations all around the world.
Acetaminophen is ingested orally and is rapidly and completely absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract. It works in about one hour. The liver detoxifies 90% of it by mixing it with sulfuric acid, and another 3-5% is catabolized by enzyme reactions to the acid. The metabolites are excreted in the urine.
By 2006, vaccines for Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR), Hepatitis A and B, Chickenpox, and Hib were created and licensed. Vaccinations for these diseases, as they were created, would be required of students enrolled in school (“Government”). Today, the most common vaccines required by
against vaccines because of what other people say, are a few side effects really worth avoiding if
Most side effects go away after a while, but not always. Some common side effects are nausea, loss of appetite, headaches, dry mouth, dizziness, moodiness, trouble sleeping, and tics. If you change the times of when you take your medicine or what you eat with it then that can cause more side effects. The medication should be taken with food and you should eat throughout the day and drink plenty of fluids. Depending upon your side effects and the results from your medication, the doctor might change
Lasix is known as the “water pill” it’s a diuretic administrated orally.(1) The active ingredient of Lasix is furosemide, but also includes a number of inactive ingredients including lactose monohydrate NF, magnesium stearate NF, starch NF, talc USP, and colloidal silicon dioxide NF. (1) The peak effects of furosemide are typically seen within the first hour of two after a dose of the medication. (1). Lasix is prescribed for individuals to treat edema that may arise from congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or renal disease. (1) In adults, furosemide may also be taken to treat hypertension itself.(1) Furosemide comes in 20, 40, and 80mg tablets as well as oral suspensions.(2) Furosemide is absorbed rapidly from oral suspension at 50 minutes, and from tablets at 87 minutes.(2) Food may slow down the absorption of the drug and alter the bioavalibitly.(1) Furosemide binds to plasma proteins, albumin being the main plasma protein that furosemide binds to, at 91-99%, and peak plasma concentrations increase with the increase of a single dose.(2) Furosemide is excreted through the urine and the remainder is excreted in the feces. (2) The half-life for furosemide is approximately 2 hours but the diuretic effects last 6-8 hours. (2)
According to The Health Wyze Report, there is an undeniable connection between autism and vaccinations in addition to many others, such as Guillain Barré syndrome, which is permanent paralysis. T Anti-Vaccine Scientific Support Arsenal states, “Andrew Wakefield’s colleague who co-authored the MMR study that linked the MMR vaccine to autism, has been exonerated and his studies have been confirmed (“Vaccines DO Cause Autism-Undeniable Scientific Proof”). Vaccines are supposed to protect people from diseases, but nearly all vaccines lose their effectiveness over time. Sometimes, people become infected by vaccines because of the live viral strands used. They end up getting the exact disease they were seeking protection from. The chances of catching some of these diseases we are vaccinated for are remote and the side effects from the vaccines are so common that it does more damage than good to our bodies. Regardless of whether or not you agree or disagree with vaccines, there are side effects. The CDC lists the mild, moderate, and severe side effects of each vaccine. Although rare, sometimes people have adverse effects. For example, the mild risks from the DTaP vaccine include fever, vomiting, soreness/tenderness/redness/swelling where the shot was given, and swelling of the entire arm or leg where the shot was given. Moderate and uncommon problems include seizure, nonstop crying, and high fever.
The only frequently occurring side effect was constipation, which occurred in 9% on ondansetron and 2% on placebo. Other less frequent side effects which included headache, rectal bleeding, backache and abdominal pain, were almost the same between the two groups.
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than usual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is produced, but is not adequate in lowering blood glucose levels or there is resistance to the insulin (Edwards, 2007, p. 9). Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, foot and leg amputations, and new cases of blindness in the United States (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1465-66). People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin to manage their glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes are usually prescribed oral medications such as sulfonylurea agents, meglitinide analogues, or biguanides to help control their glucose levels. Twenty to 30% of people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy as well (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1471). In addition to medication therapy, diet and weight control can help manage both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because diabetes mellitus can cause such severe complications, it is important that people with diabetes understand the importance of certain health and lifestyle choices, such as their diet and weight to manage their disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus should pay special attention to the amount of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and minerals that are included in their diet. Monitoring these components of their diet, along with weight management, can help control their diabetes mellitus.
ADHD medications come with a variety of side effects. The most common side effects are decreased appetite, trouble sleeping, anxiety and irritability. In some cases people have stomachaches or heada...
Metformin is a biguanide which is an effective oral anti hyperglycemia drug which is widely used to control type II diabetes mellitus and more recently in pregnancy. (7)
The number of vaccinations a child receives, in the first six years of his/her life, has increased dramatically. According to “Vaccine Controversies” by Kathy Koch, “Today, an American child receives up to 39 doses of 12 different vaccines, most given during the first two years of life. And, unlike in previous decades, today’s youngsters are given multiple inoculations on the same day” (643). These twelve different vaccinations