We are living in a universe which is made of matter. However, according to the modern theories of cosmology, equal populations of matter and anti-matter should have been produced in the beginning of the universe. Then, a very natural and profound question arises; from where does the asymmetry between matter and anti- matter we are looking now come from?
A. Sakharov [1] pointed out that there are three essential elements to construct theories which can explain the excess of matter over antimatter in the universe:
1. departure from thermal equilibrium;
2. reactions that change baryon number have to occur in the early universe; and 3. the existence of CP violation.
Here, CP violation means there exists difference of properties between matter and antimatter. CP violation is thus one of essential elements in any attempt to understand the history of our universe.
Until 1964, physicist believed there was no difference between matter and anti- matter, despite antimatter has opposite-signed charge and internal quantum num- bers. In other words, it was believed that there was symmetry between matter and antimatter, that is CP symmetry. The violation of CP symmetry was (totally unex- pectedly) found in decays of neutral K mesons in 1964 [2]. Since then, an enormous effort has been done both theoretically and experimentally to reveal the origin of this phenomenon.
In 1973, Kobayashi and Maskawa (KM) [3] proposed a theory of quark mixing which can introduce CP violation within the framework of the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particle physics. They demonstrated that quark-flavor mixing matrix with measurable complex phase introduces CP violation into quark interactions. This requirement is satisfied if there are at least six flavors of qu...
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... there is such an effect, we should see opposite systematic effect between CP even and odd modes, since their asymmetry should be equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. This is an excellent check of the measurement procedure. For these reasons B0 → J/ψKL mode is as important as the Golden Mode in sin2φ1 measurement, although it is expected to have more background due to experimental difficulty in KL detection.
Apart from other charmonium+K0 modes (like ψ(2S)K0 or χc1K0), next mode to be used in the φ1 measurement is B0 → J/ψK∗0, where K∗0 decays into KS andπ0. Although this decay mode is CP eigenstate and its decay proceeds with the same quark diagram as the Golden Mode, both decay products have spin 1 and the final state is a mixture of CP odd and even states. We must use angular information of decay products to separate contributions from different CP components.
Within William Rowe’s Chapter two of “The Cosmological Argument”, Rowe reconstructs Samuel Clark's Cosmological Argument by making explicit the way in which the Principle of Sufficient Reason, or PSR, operates in the argument as well as providing contradictions of two important criticisms from Rowe’s argument.
In 1950, a man, Enrico Fermi, during a lunch break conversation he causally asked his co-workers an interesting question, “where is everybody”. (Howell, 2014) By which he meant, since there are over a million planets which are proficient enough to support life and possibly some sort of intelligent species, so how come no one has visited earth? This became known as The Fermi Paradox, which came from his surname and two Greek words, para meaning contrary and Doxa meaning opinion, about a 100 years ago. (Webb 2002) A paradox arises when you set undisputable evidence and then a certain conclusion contradicts the idea. For example, Fermi realized that extra-terrestrials have had a large amount of time to appear
In the visible universe, there is one type of event that is often responsible for a good deal of the varied phenomena we observe across the cosmos. A type of event whose effects are both destructive and creative. This event is the interaction of two or more galaxies. The results of a galactic interaction are so varied that each event is unique. Therefore, only a select few examples will be described in the following pages.
So if the universe is vastly old, it isn't getting any more established over the long haul! Or, on the other hand once more, to have achieved the present, a vast measure of time would need passed. Be that as it may, it isn't workable for an endless measure of time to have gone, since interminability isn't a sum. So if the universe was endlessly old, it would never have achieved the present. Be that as it may, the riddles emerge for an endless arrangement of causes, as well. Each new reason doesn't add one more reason to the arrangement, since its endless. Furthermore, we could never have achieved the point in the arrangement at which we are presently on the off chance that it were a boundless arrangement. We noticed that the inquiry at the core of the cosmological contention is 'the reason an option that is as opposed to nothing?'. On the off chance that we have an endless arrangement of causes, albeit each reason can be clarified as far as the last reason, we may ponder what clarifies the entire arrangement. On the off chance that we say something exists since something has dependably existed, despite everything we haven't addressed the inquiry why anything exists by any stretch of the imagination. This takes us to the following type of cosmological
When one theory is found to be false, another theory is quickly postulated to cover the first error.
An underlying theme present throughout the series is the possibility that our existence is not the only one. According to current theories in physics, it is entirely possible that our universe is just one of many universes f...
The Big Bang Theory is one of the most important, and most discussed topics in cosmology today. As such, it encompasses several smaller components that attempt to explain what happened in the moments after creation, and how the universe we know today came from such a fiery, chaotic universe in the wake of the Big Bang. One major component of the Big Bang theory is nucleosynthesis. We know that several stellar phenomena (including stellar fusion and various types of super novae) are responsible for the formation of all heavy elements up through Plutonium, however, after the advent of the Big Bang theory, we needed a way to explain what types of matter were created to form the earliest stars.!
In 1803 this theory was finalised and stated that (1) all matter is made up of the smallest possible particles termed atoms, (2) atoms of a given element have unique characteristics and weight, and (3) three types of atoms exist: simple (elements), compound (simple molecules), and complex (complex molecules).
Another great achievement of Dr. Feynman’s was the creation of a mathematical theory that accounts for the phenomenon of super fluidity in liquid helium. Along with Murray Gell-Mann, Feynman did fundamental work with weak interactions like beta decay. Years later, Dr. Feynman was an important part of the development of quark theory by putting forward his parton model of high-energy proton collision processes. Furthermore, Dr. Feynman introduced new computational techniques and notations into physics, most importantly, the Feynman diagrams that perhaps more than any formality in recent scientific history, have altered how basic processes of physics are calculated and conceptualized.
The Ultimate Nature of Matter. The theory of quantum mechanics has divided the atom into a number of fundamental sub-atomic particles. Although the physicist has shown that the atom is not a solid indivisible object, he has not been able to find a particle which does possess those qualities. Talk of particles, though, is misleading because the word suggests a material object.
Matter is energy (Fernflores 1). The fact that electron-positron interactions can either produce photons or...
We stand at the base of a new age. We are just now beginning to learn the intricate details of life, both macroscopic and microscopic. Ultimately these discoveries will benefit all of mankind. Never before have we enjoyed such a golden age for science and discovery. The scientific horizon looks fruitful. One such fruit is the discovery and application of a thing called antimatter. During the next few decades our ability to produce, accumulate, and contain large quantities of antimatter should become feasible, leaving us just to research possible uses for this promising, radically new, form of energy.
One method for measuring phase shift is to use XY mode. This involves inputting one signal into the vertical system as usual and then another signal into the horizontal system. (This method only works if both signals are sine waves.) This set up is called an XY measurement because both the X and Y axis are tracing voltages.
Thomas, K.W., & R.H. Kilmann. (1974). Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Sterling Forest, NY: Xicom, Inc.
• A second principle, which concretises the beginning of the universe, is the second law of thermodynamics. As I quote the cosmologist Sir Arthur Eddington, said,