CHAPTER-ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
Language is a means used for human communication either in the form of speech or text. Speech is primarily intended to convey some message. The speech signal contains not only the intended message, but also the characteristics of the utterance speaker and the language of communication. The language is conveyed through the sequence of sound units. The present work focuses on signal the form of speech.
Automatic Language Identification (LID) is the task of automatically recognizing a language from a given spoken utterance. With the increasing interest in multi-lingual speech systems, such as international telephone-based information access, there has been a great deal of research in LID techniques over the last decades.
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The GMM LID system consists of a feature extraction preprocessor, a GMM for each target language, and a backend classifier. Gaussian mixture models trained on speech data from the target language classes produces acoustic, class conditional likelihood scores for each test utterance. GMM LID systems have significant potential advantages over LID systems since they do not require orthographically or phonetically transcribed speech and are far more computationally efficient.
1.1. Statement of the Problem
The importance of Language Identification for Ethiopian languages is seeing an impressive increase due to the advance of telecommunication infrastructure and, as a result, an increase in volumes of data and speech traffic in public networks. By automatically processing the raw speech data the vital assistance given to people in distress can be speeded up, by referring their calls to a person knowledgeable in that language.
Similar works has been carried out on LID systems that concentrate mostly on European and a few Asian languages but no work has been done on Ethiopian language. Depending on the above facts, a research work is proposed to develop the Language identification models for four Ethiopian languages namely Amharic, Guragegna, Oromiffa and Tigregna using Gaussian Mixture Model. So this research is a good starting point for researches that has been conducted on this
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1.4. Motivation for the Present Work
The phenomena of globalization have brought people from around the world. However, one barrier this increase in global communication is that many people still speaks different languages and effectively lack of common communication media. That is, in order to communicate effectively, a language which is mutually understandable by both parties is required. LID system offers a means for providing this media.
One of the most important areas of LID is spoken language identification. In the area of telephone based information services such as customer service, phone ordering, information hotline, phone banking and other call-center/Interactive voice response based services, speech recognition system is helpful to transfer the incoming call to the corresponding agent.
Spoken Language identification is also helpful in defending against global terrorism. Government has deployed complicated systems to monitor communications among suspicious subjects. LID technology can detect the sensitive languages used by the terrorists during a telephone conversation and for sending messages from one place to another
Basic foreign language skills are important in communicating with people. With new technologies, we can communicate with people who do not speak English. In recent years, the number of people in the United States who do not speak English has also risen. Also, only ten percent of the world's population speaks English. Although one year of a foreign language will not allow students to...
It is highly imperative for Company ABC members to know how to engage probably to avoid misunderstandings, conflicts and potential loss of business clients. In the case of verbal communication, the obvious challenge lies in language difference. Although increasing amount of people are learning how to speak english, not having basic understudying of Mandarin or other Chinese dialects can have negative implications on the success of Company ABC. Even with the use of an interpreter, lost in translation or miss representation of meaning can be a problem. For example, when people say “yes” in the U.S, it suggests that they agree with what is being communicated. However, when Chinese say “yes,” it simply means that they are paying attention.
Here, actually, speech is decomposed into parameters like acoustic features such as fundamental frequency, the shape of the waveform, aperiodic energy etc and duration features related to contextual prosody. And the text is decomposed into various linguistic information. Then Hidden Markov Model or Deep Neural Networks can be used who will learn how to predict parameters such as acoustic features and duration features from the linguistic information of text data during the training phase. [8]
Communication between humans would not be possible without the development of language. Gee and Hayes (2011), states that Language is a physically present set of rules that are established cognitively and socially that guides groups of humans to communicate with each other (p. 6). Language can take the form of many types of communication. Language that is seen, also known as non-verbal communication can be described as written language, body language, gestures and Auslan (Grellier & Goerke, 2014, p. 220). Language that is heard, also known as oral language is the ability to communicate through speech (Gee & Hayes, 2011. p. 6). Oral language has been present amoung all humanity since the beginning of time, starting from one original language.
The American public has had a craving for less social contact as the millennia continues to wane, and Siri-Speech is the perfect solution for this need. The average adolescent American sends approximately 88 text messages per day, which is decent but still requires improvement, as they still have to drudge through the burden that is sounds uttered with vocal cords. Although speech has been less arduous in the modern era, with the clever use of acronyms like LOL, TTYL and ILY, there are many other tedious phrases that still need to be sounded out every single day. Siri-Speech addresses this problem as well by converting every single phrase into an Acronym to heighten convenience for the user, so that they can get back to important measures like browsing videos of funny cats on YouTube. For example, a phrase previously spoken as “I have to go. I will see you tonight at the movie theatre” is now spoken as “I have to go,” which is truly the epitome of efficiency and progre...
Delgado, R & Kobayashi, T 2011. Proceedings of the Paralinguistic Information and its Integration in Spoken Dialogue Systems Workshop. 1st ed. Springer.
The origin and history of simultaneous communication are one of the most interesting phenomenons in the world of communication. This based on the fact that simultaneous communication essentially began as a channel of directing someone to something without the use of a particular language. In this, simultaneous language became widely in the any communication process that entailed more than two languages (Gaiba, 1998). It is realized that modern simultaneous interpretation utilizes sophisticated sound equipment for the enhancement of communication, proving simultaneous interpretations historical antecedents. Simultaneous co...
Language and hearing loss: where the service user is not speaking English or experience hearing loss, for effective communication, the service user communication need has to be met, by employing staff that speak the same language with the service user or families, friend or interpreter to interpret for the service user or the use of pictures to communicate with the service user, for hearing loss, you come near, speak slowly and clearly.
When infants are acquiring their first language, adults speak to them differently than they would speak to other adults. This kind of speech is formally named “Infant-Directed speech”, but is also referred to as “baby talk” and “motherese”. Infant-Directed (ID) speech has several properties that distinguish it from Adult-Directed (AD) speech. There is a debate over whether or not ID speech helps infants acquire language or is a hindrance in their language acquisition process Several experiments have been performed to test the effect of ID speech on infants’ language learning. These experiments all used different properties of ID speech. Overall, the experiments have proved that ID speech helps infants acquire language better than AD speech for different reasons. Further studies can be performed on ID speech to learn more about its effects on second language acquisition and on different ages.
There are many forms of non-verbal communication. These may include: writing, bodily motions, facial expression, smelling, whistle, drumming, touching etc. According to Salzmann, Stanlaw & Adachi (2015) “The term nonverbal communication, taken literally, refers to the transmission of signals by means other than spoke words.” The form of nonverbal communication I will be focused on is sign language. Sign language plays a major role in American communities for the deaf and the mute, so they may be able to communicate with their friends and families. In America they practice the American Sign Language or Ameslan Sign Language. This paper will focus on “The Development of Sign Language.”
Everything we do in our life involves communication because it is a way for a sender to send message to the receiver by verbal and non-verbal communication. However, in some parts of the world messages that are delivered sometimes are not received in a way it is supposed to. A way to solve this is by using competent communicator and intercultural communication because it makes it easier for people from other cultures to communicate in general. On the other hand, there are also some problems faced because different cultures have different ways to express their way of communication. By understanding these types of communication and by defining them may solve this dilemma. In addition to that, there are also types of communication to consider that are commonly used, which is Proxemics, Gestures and body language.
There is need of a system in which they can communicate directly with everyone. In such a system, a signer can make a sign and the other person can understand. In that system the input will be sign and corresponding output will be speech. It will use sign to text then text to speech conversions. Signs are made of units referred to as cheremes.
There are different types of communication (verbal, nonverbal, paralinguistic). Verbal communication is communicating with words. For instance, an individual speaks to another at a business meeting regarding profit margins. Second, nonverbal communication is communicating without the use of words but through gesture, body language, facial expression and eye contact (Baron, Branscombe, Byrne). Also these physical expressions can provide powerful and valuable information about others’ current feelings and reactions without the need of words. Lastly paralinguistic is defined as the use of emotional expression, gestures, and the location of the body in relation to the other's body, eye contact, and level of voice instead of verbally expressing these cues (Triandis). Additionally, paralinguistic is also known as paralanguage as a way to modify or nuance meaning, or convey emotion, with the use of pitch, volume, and intonation (Triandis). For instance, as described by Triandis’ article Culture and Communication, “in Bulgaria and south India a nod means "no,” and a shake of the head, means "yes".” It’s interesting how Triandis describes the amount of difficulty it was to compre...
These days the world has become one village (Atcham, 1962). It is easy to communicate with any person, company no matter where their locality is and at any time in the many linguistic and it can be relating financials, politics, and culture. For instance, make directly contact to others through internet using international language.
To start with, I do not want to narrowly define language as merely verbal communication. Language is far broader than that. In a few seconds a person walking past you on the street could tell you more about themselves with a sincere smile than they could with a few rushed words. Language encompasses all aspects of communication that enhance the level of our interaction. The tone in our voice demonstrating our feelings on a topic or our body language indicating our level of interest are just as important in interaction as verbally communicating content. There for I define language as any act that is involved in the interaction between two or more people.