Enzymes and their many uses have always been an interest for me. Ever since I was little, I was always fascinated about the fact that all food tasted different. Only later on did I discover the reasoning behind this. In 2012, I went on a holiday to Cape Town and became very interested in the production of wine after visiting many of Cape Town’s best wine farms. Since that holiday, I have done a lot of research on the production of wine and what the potential variables are. I soon discovered that probably the most important factor in wine making is the use of enzymes. Enzymes are vital in speeding up the production process while keeping costs as low as possible for the wine maker.
Enzymes are also used in many of the stages in wine making that improve the body of the wine. Enzymes such as pectinase and glucanase play an important part in improving the clarification, filtration, aroma and colour of the wine.
I intend to investigate the optimum amount of enzymes used to increase the amount of juice that can be extracted from each grape, apple and pear. Thus, increasing the volume of juice from the same amount of harvested grapes. This will save the farmers time, money and valuable crop space.
I anticipate that the use of enzymes under the right conditions will increase the amount of juice that is able to be extracted from each individual fruit. This study could be vital in the wine industry and will make a significant change in the cycle of wine production.
Literature Review
Enzyme: Enzymes are large biological molecules responsible for the thousands of metabolic processes that sustain life.
The enzyme that I will be using in my ORT is pectinase. Pectinase is used in the production of fruit juice to make the fruit ma...
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...sed with the addition of heat into the fruit juice and pectinase solution. The fruit juice yielded with the grape increased from 8.5ml to 8.8ml, with apple it increased from 7.4ml to 8ml and with the pear, the yield increased from 6.8ml to 7.8ml.
The fruit as it is being prepared for the experiment
This image shows half an apple being cut up as finely as possible to maximise the results.
This image shows the fruit finely chopped and mixed with the Pectinase and water solution.
This image represents the 3 types of fruit that have been used in this experiment. 1 test tube of each of these fruit will then be p
This image shows the fruit juice that is now being filtered into the beaker
This image displays the 6 test tubes of fruit solution that is now being filtered into the beakers. Half of those beakers were heated, the other half were not.
Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
Catalase is a common enzyme that is produced in all living organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells and within the cells, enzymes function to increase the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes function to create the same reactions using a lower amount of energy. The reactions of catalase play an important role to life, for example, it breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Our group developed an experiment to test the rate of reaction of catalase in whole carrots and pinto beans with various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Almost all enzymes are proteins and proteins are made up of amino acids. The areas within an enzyme speed up the chemical reactions which are known as the active sites, and are also where the
Catecholase is an enzyme formed by catechol and oxygen used to interlock oxygen at relative settings, and it is present in plants and crustaceans (Sanyal et. al, 2014). For example, in most fruits and vegetables, the bruised or exposed area of the pant becomes brown due to the reaction of catechol becoming oxidized and oxygen becoming reduced by gaining hydrogen to form water, which then creates a chain that is is the structural backbone of dark melanoid pigments (Helms et al., 1998). However, not all fruits and plants darken at the same rate. This leads to question the enzymatic strength of catecholase and how nearby surroundings affect its activity. The catecholase enzyme has an optimal temperature of approximately 40°C (Helms et al., 1998). Anything above that level would denature the tertiary or primary structure of the protein and cause it to be inoperable. At low temperatures, enzymes have a slower catalyzing rate. Enzymes also function under optimal pH level or else they will also denature, so an average quantity of ions, not too high or low, present within a solution could determine the efficiency of an enzyme (Helms et al., 1998). Also, if more enzymes were added to the concentration, the solution would have a more active sites available for substrates and allow the reaction rate to increase if excess substrate is present (Helms et al., 1998). However, if more
In the span of only a few pages, L.B. Church has given us an overview of the winemaking process. He has done so with sufficient detail for those in the chemistry community to follow along, yet still in a cursory enough manner as to not bog them down with the unnecessary. Written as if it were the procedure of an experiment, he has given enough information for the experiment to be repeated, tested, validated and improved upon. And that is almost assuredly his goal from the very beginning, as it must be for any published author in the chemistry community.
In this experiment as a whole, there were three individual experiments conducted, each with an individualized hypothesis. For the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, catalase activity will be decreased when catalase is exposed to temperatures greater than or less approximately 23 degrees Celsius. For the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity, a concentration of greater or less than approximately 50% enzymes, the less active catalase will be. Lastly, the more the pH buffer deviates from a basic pH of 7, the less active catalase will be.
Enzymes are biological catalysts - catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being altered itself. Enzymes are also proteins that fold into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where these substrate molecules fit is called the active site. The active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists of residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate. (Clark, 2016)
Enzymes as mentioned before help speed up reactions, they generally work by bonding to a substrate, this bonding occurs at the active site. This link then forms a different molecule which will benefit its respective process. Every enzyme has its own optimum pH level to work under, if too low the enzyme will be very slow. However if too high the enzyme will then denature and be obsolete. This is why it is important to know the optimum pH level for whatev...
= == In relative terms enzymes are biological catalysts; control the rate of chemical reaction, different temperatures and pH’s affect their optimum rate of reaction in living organisms. In detail; enzymes are globular proteins, which catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms, they are produced by living cells – each cell has hundreds of enzymes. Cells can never run out of enzymes as they or used up in a reaction.
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to explore the different factors which effect enzyme activity and the rates of reaction, such as particle size and temperature.
The older the wine the costlier it sells. Most of the wines are stored in wooden barrels, as it enhances the taste and colour of the wine. Process & Chemistry in Wine Industry Grape juice contains 79% water & 20 % carbohydrates, 1 % organic acids and, phenolics, vitamins, minerals and nitrogenous compounds. Grape juice gets its flavour from the sugars, organic acids and phenolics, while the vitamins, minerals
In this experiment I will be finding out which fruit juice contains the most vitamin C. I will be using a method similar to titration but I will be using a syringe instead of a burette.
While the berry mixture is heating up, take 15 cups of the sugar and combine with the pectin in a separate bowl. As the research on the pectin stated, remember to bond the pectin with the sugar thoroughly. Using the slotted spoon, mix until the sugar and pectin are combined and consistent in color. If all of the pectin is not stirred into the sugar well enough, it will float on top of the jam and form hard lumps. This will affect how your jam gels in the end.
Lactic acid have more growth requirements than then normal bacteria since it was evolved in nutrient-rich environments. Lactic acid bacteria have diverse mechanisms for creating the energy needed to support and sustain biological activities. The availability of organic acid in the fruit can be important in allowing growth and metabolism. As lactic acid bacteria have the ability to produce large amount of acids, they often inhibit the development of other bacteria in juices and are able to cause their own autolysis. Excessive clarification and pre treatment of the fruit during the process of sending the fruit to the market which removes many of the natural yeasts and flora. The chemical compsition of juice also affect the rate of fermentation. Fruits generally tend to contain sufficient substrate (soluble sugars)that allow for the yeast and bacteria to fermented , so it can be said that because the fruits used did not show a very high increase in acidity it did not provide a sufficient substrate for the lactic acid bacteria that is present on the fruit to be used for fermentation.Temperature has an impact on the growth and activity of different strains of yeast. At temperatures of
Nowadays the soft drinks industry is booming, alcohols are not as successful as before and sodas are pointed out for their high sugar content. This is profitable for bio fruit beverages and other fruit based alternative beverages. This market is full of innovative ideas and opportunities.
AIM - To analyse some fruit and vegetable juices for the contents present in them. APPARATUS - Test tubes, burner, litmus paper, beaker, tripod stand, conical flasks, burette, pipette. CHEMICALS REQUIRED - 1. Fehling's solution A 2. Fehling's solution B 3.