Chapter 1
Introduction
Today’s consumer demands more functionality, energy efficient devices and optimized power devices as time goes. Due to increasing speed and complexities of designs, there is a significant increase in the power consumption of VLSI chips. Most of the devices are battery operated instead of power line source. So having optimum utilization of the battery is the most important need.
In today’s semiconductor designs, lower power consumption is mandatory for mobile and handheld applications for longer battery life. Embedded applications are much cost and weight sensitive, which do not want to pay for heat sinks and thermal shielding. They are often battery powered and cannot be actively cooled. So, there is a significant need of minimization in power consumption.
Power dissipation in CMOS has two components: Dynamic power dissipation and Static power dissipation. Static power dissipation can be termed as power dissipated during the steady state conditions or when there is no circuit activity. This is negligible in comparison to dynamic power dissipation and can be reduced with proper circuit design techniques. Whereas, dynamic power dissipation can be termed as the power dissipated at the transient state conditions. Each transistor on a chip dissipates a small amount of power when it is switched, and transistors that are switched rapidly dissipate more power than transistors that are switched slowly. Dynamic power dissipation is given by
P = C * V2 * f
Where, C is the average capacitance of the circuit, V is the supply voltage and f is the frequency or the switching activity.
Dynamic power dissipation depends on three factors i.e. capacitance, voltage and frequency. So reduction in these will effect in consider...
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... inhibits the clock signal when the idle condition is true and is associated with each sequential functional unit. The clock signal is computed by function Fclk. CLK is the system clock and GCLK, the gated clock of the functional unit.
Figure 2.1.1 Clock Gating Principle
It is excellent design scheme to turn off the clock when it is not needed. Automatic clock gating is supported by modern EDA tools. They identify the circuits where clock gating can be inserted. The RTL stage is the best point in the design process to optimize dynamic power. At this point, the system architecture is defined, the design is clock cycle accurate, and there is accurate power information available from lower design stages. The only thing left is for hardware designers to have a RTL metric to evaluate and identify candidate logic within a design for optimization of clock gating.
Smartphone's are unquestionably one of the most useful devices of the 21st century but they continue to have one critical flaw- battery life. unpredictable battery lifetime issue from multitasking can have a significant negative effect on the availability of Smartphone devices.
...hborhood, additive CA are ideally suited for V LSI implementation. Different applications ranging from V LSI test domains to the design of a hardwired version of different CA based schemes have been proposed.
In this recent century, there is ease into taking our technology as something for granted. After all, technology has opened up our abilities to instantly connect to the other side of the world, instantly retrieve information from the Internet, and instantly listen to digital content if desired. However, while a cell phone, laptop, and iPod has many differences from one another, all of those three devices share one item in common at the very least and that is a Lithium-Ion Battery.
Their performance can be modelled, predicted and analyzed using equivalent circuits, and this experiment examines one of these circuits. MEASUREMENTS ------------ Short-circuit test: Primary voltage (Vsc) = 26V Primary current (I1) =
One of the prime concerns about these next generation cards is how much power the draw.
The energy density and power density provided by the different secondary battery chemistries as well as their cost are important factors for determining
Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Davoli, F., Di Gregorio, L., Donadio, P., Fialho, L., & Szemethy, T. (2013). The green abstraction layer: A standard power-management interface for next-generation network devices. IEEE Internet Computing, 17(2), 82. doi: 10.1109/MIC.2013.39
The second key point for Apple is renewable energy their goal was to achieve 100 percent of renewable energy which they have accomplished. In their data center in Maiden, North Carolina they have several approaches of energy efficient element designs. Two of their energy efficient designs were a chi...
(i.e. computers, servers, data centers, etc.). Hence, they make use of virtualization, i.e. one server is used to spawn several virtual servers. This process reduces resource redundancy, use less energy, moreover less wastage of resources by efficient usage methods. Specific actions to achieve these goals are mainly by getting rid of inefficient hardware, introducing efficient hardware, and promoting server virtualization. (Adidas16, 2015). Adidas`s global goal to meet more stringent energy savings by 2015 are being planned to implement using below techniques,
Moor’s Law: The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months. (Moore, 1965)
People are always looking for ways to save money. By using “Green” computer components you can save money and energy. Everyone having a computer powered on days at a time can use up a lot of energy, which will lead to a large energy bill. There is a lot of different ways to adapt your computer to be more energy efficient. Using more energy efficient computer components and changing settings in your operating system will save you big. By purchasing more energy efficient components such as processors, hard drives and computer monitors you can make your computer consume less power thus saving energy.
However, it has received a lot of attention due to its ability to reduce the gap between batteries and supercapacitors or potentially, better both capacitors and batteries in terms of power density and energy density. These alone had led manufacturers to explore the many new possibilities to fully harness the advantages supercapacitors can offer. The applications of supercapacitors can be primarily divided into 4 categories, namely energy storage systems, battery improvement systems or peak power boost systems, power smoothing and power factor
Green computing can be defined as reduction of the usage of electricity consumed as well as reducing the use of dangerous materials and maximizing the energy efficiency during the devices’ lifespan. Green computing includes numerous kinds of devices like desktops, laptops, printer, smart phones etc. “Green Technology A.k.a. Green IT is the study and use of designing, manufacturing, practicing, and clearance of computers, servers, and connected subsystems—such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and system and communications systems — efficiently and effectively with the lowest or on the environment". –San Murugesan, Distinguished Speaker of ACM (DSP) Sydney, Australia
Smartphones overheat for a number of reasons. The answer lies in the basic property of physics: movement generates heat. Smartphones have to physically move things around to work at all, so in turn they have to generate heat. The amount of heat produced by a smart phone is largely proportional to the amount of electricity moving through the phone. For instance playing games on your smartphone demands a lot from the central and graphics processing units, both of which are housed in a central system-on-a-chip (SoC), they will become
In a modern VLSI design aims to design a on chip components with low power, High Speed and with reduced size. All components in a digital designs like flip flops, counters need of frequency references and frequency sources. A Resonator will fulfil these requirements. We design and analysed a novel three types resonators as follows Temperature Compensated Resonator, Comb Drive Resonator, Piezoelectric Resonator. The design and analysis are all done in FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis tool.