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evolution of human diet
social factors that influence food habits
factors affecting dietary habits
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B. Why is this Topic important to understand?
It is important to study diet in different cultures in anthropology as food is essential in human existence. Food is insufficient commodity and thus offers a good platform for debate and advancing anthropological theories and research methods (Hockett & Haws, 2003). In addition, the study of diet brings about light on societal processes like political economic value creation, social construction of memory as well as symbolic value creation (Dirks & Hunter, 2013). This topic has created a good arena for debating cultural and historical importance in relationship to structural and symbolic explanations of human behavior. Through this, it is possible to respond to ethnographical questions as our understanding
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Food ethnography include food and social change, eating and identities, food insecurity as well as eating and rituals (Montgomery & Bennett, 1979). This will help in understanding how and why each culture used a certain type of food. It will also explain how this diet helped that culture propagate and thrive in certain prevailing conditions as well as knowing reason for diet evolution.
2) Anthropology is a four-field approach. (Discuss at least two subfields)
The topic will be explored mainly through Archaeology and Human Ecology. Through archaeology, study of bones, tools and fossils will be used to study what people ate. On the other hand, human ecology will also be useful in ensuring that evolution of human diet as well as their variations are understood (Takacs, & Cline, 2015).
A. Methods and evidence used by Archaeology
Archeology of food relied on the fact that food was one of the most essential occupation that each culture used for various reasons (Takacs & Cline, 2015). First it was an essential commodity for their survivor as well as a unifying factor in various community. Therefore, through archaeology, the method used to identify the type of food a certain culture used was by looking at its ingredients. It would also look at resources that were used in preparation of such foods. Through this, human ecology, economic systems and food procurement method would be
The book The No-Nonsense Guide to World Food, by Wayne Roberts introduces us to the concept of “food system”, which has been neglected by many people in today’s fast-changing and fast-developing global food scene. Roberts points out that rather than food system, more people tend to recognize food as a problem or an opportunity. And he believes that instead of considering food as a “problem”, we should think first and foremost about food as an “opportunity”.
Michael Pollan, an American author, journalist, activist, and professor of journalism at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism (Michael Pollan), writes in his book In Defense of Food, the dangers of nutritionism and how to escape the Western diet and subsequently most of the chronic diseases the diet imparts. In the chapter “Nutritionism Defined” Pollan defines the term nutritionism. Pollan’s main assertion being how the ideology of nutritionism defines food as the sum of its nutrients, and from this viewpoint Pollan goes on to write how nutritionism divides food into two categories, with each macronutrient divided against each other as either bad or good nutrients, in a bid for focus of our food fears and enthusiasms. Finally, Pollan concludes that with the relentless focus nutritionism places on nutrients and their interplay distinctions between foods become irrelevant and abandoned.
“Hungry for Change” is an eye opening documentary made to explore the role that food plays in peoples’ lives. The experts, ranging from authors to medical doctors, address a variety of claims through testimonials, experiments, and statistical evidence. They not only state the flaws in this generation’s diet but also logically explain the reasons behind the downfall in peoples’ diet and offer better ways to approach our health.
The book tells the history of human civilization through the development of our food production and culture. A highly relevant book to present although food is a special type of natural resource or products hereof and history is a wider subject than conflict. The gradual transition towards hierarchical social order is described. Especially the significance of irrigation is compelling.
Food has been used as a tool by many cultures as movements to help with their culture become recognized, to identify their way of being, and to show their class and status. By exploring different author’s articles, and movie clips this will be visible. Food has created many cultures to explore these outlets and in return has had a positive impact on their culture.
The phrase, “We are what we eat” holds some essential validity and truth to it. Food is a constituent feature of our environmental ties to where we subside. It is a part of our daily lives. It can act as a form of communication with other individuals. Food can be an indicator of the nutrition idiosyncratic cultural groups are practicing. Notably, which ingredients hold higher placement of emphasis in consumption from a day to day basis. The way food is assembled or arranged has specific meanings in certain locations. From humble beginnings to global acknowledgment, the diffusion of Hispanic cuisine and some of it’s signature dishes will be analyzed under domestic and foreign context.
“Food is the material object we have the most intimate contact with on a daily basis.” Stated in research paper called Survivor Woman: colonial edition, this statement magnifies that role that food plays in people’s lives. Most people are almost constantly preoccupied physically and mentally with food. Not only that it is vital part of human life where without it, it would be impossible to continue on with one’s life. Also a great deal of time we spend with food tells us that people are inseparably connected to each our food that we eat. (Gabaccia, 7) We spend time with food preparing meals everyday, thinking about what to eat for lunch or dinner, and we also taking time eat. Beyond simply necessary human obligation, eating has important implications on how we think of ourselves, mainly how we relate to a specific culture of which we are a part. Food study and cultural identity is bound to be connected.
Food plays a very important role in every religion and culture. Good nutrition is a great symbol of healthy food/diet. In order to keep ourselves healthy, it is very important to watch what we are eating. Food habits come from parents, which later on developed according to the environment. Food is one of the ways where humans describe themselves as cultured. Food is the most significant segment of our lives. Different types of food explain verities of the belief that we have in all over the world. Ones’ food discipline and choice, tells about which culture/religion they belong to. Food, Religion,
Pollan states that food is not just a necessity to survive, it has a greater meaning to life. Pollan explains how food can cause us happiness and health by connecting us to our family and culture. Warren Belasco, in “Why Study Food”, supports Pollan’s idea that food is something social and cultural. In Belasco’s description of a positive social encounter food is included, whether it involves a coffee date with a colleague or a dinner date with a loved one. Belasco states that food forms our identity and brings our society together.
The diet of humans today is unbelievably diverse. We have access to an almost endless selection of foods from around the world, ranging from exotic species of plants to animals from well beyond our own geographic region. Earlier Hominids, however, did not have access to such niceties and had to rely solely on their own means to acquire the food they consumed. Yet the types of food that were consumed by early hominids is a question that is still quite a mystery for many paleoanthropologists. Unlike physical characteristics of Neanderthals (such as bone structure) determining the diet of a Neanderthal that has been dead for over 40,000 years is challenging.
A defining trait of every country, whether it be Italy or India, is the type of cuisine that they serve. One of the best ways to gain an understanding of a country’s culture is through their food. While some people would deem other aspects of a culture as more important, it is a feature easiest to explain and relate to. A distinguishing fact is that food is both physical and mental in that its creation takes dedication and effort; food is able to create emotions given the proper setting. As cooking traditions evolved throughout the years, to fit people’s ever changing tastes, so does the culture. They are parallel to each other in that as one aspect of culture changes, so does the food and vice versa. Two of the most popular types of foods in society today are American food, and Chinese food. The typical features of how food is prepared and made, the tastes preferred, the utensils, and the beliefs about the food's properties are all reflections of the American and Chinese cultures.
Gonzalez, Julina Roel. ""The Philosophy of Food," Edited by David M. Kaplan." Ed. Michael Goldman. Teaching Philosophy 36.2 (2013): 181-82. Print.
Ungar, Peter S., and Mark Franklyn Teaford. Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 2002. Print.
In her book Semiotics and Communication: Signs, Codes, Cultures, Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz describes the wide use of food as signs, and also as social codes. The reason foods are so useful as signs and social codes is because they are separable, easily adaptive to new environments, and it is not difficult to cook, or eat for that matter. Food is a major part of our daily lives, Not only for survival, but it plays a substantial social role in our lives. We will look deeper into the semiotics of food, how food is used as identity markers, and also the role that foods play in social change in our lives. First let us start with the semiotics of food.
Anyone can agree that cultures vary significantly. Anywhere from society views, to genetics, and even food! The eating habits of all the different cultures in the world are one of the most significant changes between nations and cultures to other nations and cultures. Anywhere in the world will have different eating habits, for example, Americans eat small meals throughout the day and then indulge in a big filling meal for supper, while in Mexico, breakfast tends to be the biggest meal of the day. Now, because of these changes in cultural views, anthropology is very much involved. This is why I am going to go in depth on the eating habits from four different cultures: Japanese, Mexican, and American.