Transmission
There are three main routes of anthrax transmission in humans. Cutaneous anthrax may occur when handling infected tissues, wool, hides, soil, and products made from contaminated hides [19]. Inhalational anthrax has been associated with contact of spore-associated aerosols [19]. Gastrointestinal anthrax occurs when individuals eat undercooked contaminated meat from animals containing anthrax spores [19].
Cutaneous Anthrax
The head, neck, and extremities are the most common to become infected with cutaneous anthrax [19]. The pathogen is often introduced through a cut in the skin. Two to three days after introduction of the spore, a small, painless, pimple-like papule will start to appear. One to three days following, the lesion will begin to dry out due to necrosis, and will appear as a black scab surrounded by purplish vesicles [3]. A painful, pus-filled scab may indicate a secondary infection mainly with streptococcus or staphylococcus [1]. The cutaneous form of anthrax accounts for 95 percent of all cases globally [12]. The case fatality rate for cutaneous anthrax is 5 to 20 percent [13]. If left untreated it can lead to septicemia and death. Death can occur through asphyxiation from the edema if the lesion is around the head or neck [19].
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
In the event of gastrointestinal anthrax, the symptoms will appear two to five days after ingestion of undercooked meat from animals that have B. anthracis [3]. Under a microscope, bacilli can be seen in the mucosal and submucosal lymphatic tissue. Two forms of gastrointestinal anthrax can occur; oropharyngeal and abdominal [19]. The oropharyngeal form is not as well known. Symptoms include sore throat, dysphagia, fever, hoarseness, and swelling of t...
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In the case that Anthrax cannot be prevented, the individual should obtain medical care immediately. There are different types of treatments that are administered depending on the severity of the infection. Doctors have several options for treating patients with anthrax, including antibiotics and antitoxin [23]. Patients with serious cases of anthrax will need to be hospitalized and may require aggressive treatment, such as continuous fluid drainage and help breathing through mechanical ventilation [23]. When anthrax spores get inside the body, they can become “activated” and begin to multiply, spread throughout the body, and produce toxins [23]. Anthrax toxins in the body cause severe illness. After anthrax toxins have been released in the body, one possible treatment is antitoxin [23]. Doctors must use antitoxin together with other treatment options [23].
pylori bacteria do not exhibit any symptoms. However, when the infection causes ulcers then the symptoms exhibited include abdominal pains which are most severe when the stomach is empty. Most patients describe it as a gnawing pain that is intermittent. This kind of pain can be relieved by taking antacid medication. It is advisable to see the doctor when such pain is continuous and severe. Treatment with antacid drugs will not cure the infection as they act only as a pain relievers. Other symptoms of H. pylori infection include nausea and vomiting, bad breath, lack of appetite, excessive burping and feeling bloated. However, these symptoms are also caused by several other conditions and could also be experienced by healthy people who are not infected with H. pylori. If these symptoms persist or if you notice a black color or/and blood in your feces or vomit it is important to seek further medical advice (Yamamoto, Friedman & Hoffman,
Symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually begin two to eight days after a person has been exposed to the bacteria and resolve within a week.
A different perspective on a smallpox epidemic during the French and Indian War appears in Andrew J. Blackbird's History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. Blackbird, Chief Mack-e-te-be-nessy, was a member of a distinguished Ottawa family from the northwest shore of the Michigan lower peninsula. He wrote his History late in life, after a long career in education, politics, and public service.
The 2001 anthrax attacks was one of the worst bio-weapon attacks on the US in history. The attacks where done through the mail. The anthrax was placed in envelopes with a letter and mailed from various locations to different people and organizations. The anthrax filled letters ended up killing 5 people, causing 17 to become sick and exposing anthrax it is believed to as many as 30,000 people. During the mail process spores of anthrax from the letters escaped and got on mailroom equipment exposing postal employees. If a person was exposed to enough anthrax and developed symptoms they typically died in a few days. Postal workers during the attacks where told that anthrax will appear as a white powder t...
Linkous, J. (2004). More details on new anthrax search. Retrieved Oct. 06, 2005, from CBS News Web site: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/05/national/main647441.shtml.
The main objectives of the pathogen are to gain entry inside the host, once inside grow and reproduce, and avoid host defenses. There are three possible routes of infection: respiratory, alimentary, and traumatic. The respiratory route is the easiest and most direct means of entry. Under crowded conditions, the rate of infection is even more rapid. The diseases brought over to America were mainly spread by the respiratory method. The alimentary pathway of infection is through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Throughout Europe during the 15th century, food and water were contaminated with fecal matter and by unsanitary habits ( i.e. the lack of bathing). The traumatic route of infection is through insect and animal bites.
Diseases: The most common health concern associated with S. aureus is food poisoning caused by the release of enterotoxins, even in small doses, into food. Release of less than 1 microgram of toxin is sufficient to contaminate food enough to illicit symptoms of food poisoning. The infective dose of toxin is generally present when food is contaminated with an excess of 100,000 bacteria per gram of food. The intensity and variety of symptoms resulting from S. aureus food poisoning differ from individual to individual, but some of the most common symptoms are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and prostration (complete physical or mental exhaustion). It usually takes 2 or 3 days to recover from S. aureus food poisoning, but in some instances individuals will require more time to fully recover.
It began with infection mainly in the blood vessels of the human skin and mouth, resulting in different kinds of symptoms that turn into serious stages. It was spread by physical contact with human skin and mostly affected children and adults. This disease was so outrageous that it led to a vast number of deaths in New England colonies. Also, smallpox virus is transmitted through airborne infection from the oral, nasal mucus of the infected person. But mostly was spread from close contact or contaminated material of the infected person.
Louis Pasteur, in 1881, discovered the anthrax vaccine. Anthrax is an infection caused by many bacteria cells called “Bacillus”. These bacteria make “spores” which have a protective shell. This disease is most common in farm animals. They live in soil, and affect domestic a...
Recent research shows that, there are three major means by which infections can be transmitted and they include direct transmission, indirect transmission and airborne transmission (Hinman,Wasserheit and Kamb,1995). Direct transmission occurs when the physical contact between an infected person and s susceptible person takes place (division of public health, 2011). An example is a health care worker who attends to an Ebola patient, without gloves, gown and mask plus forget to wash his or her hand with soap and hot water and or a person having flu without the use of mask or washes his hand after sneezing easily passes the infection to the other through hand shake or surface touch, living the bacteria there for another vulnerable person to also touch if the surface is not disinfected with bleach. Studies makes it clear that, the spreads takes effect when disease-causing microorganisms pass from the infected person to the healthy person through direct physical contact such as touching of blood, body fluids, contact with oral secretion, bites kissing, contact with body lesions and even sexual contact. However, measles and chicken pox are said to be conditions spread by direct
After a few days after developing a rash, it may change into small lumps all over the body. These symptoms may come just after a week of being infected. "The first symptoms may appear 12 to 14 days after you're infected." A rash will appear in the mouth and throat in the first few days, it will then spread to the face and arms and finally, the legs. The rashes will grow bigger as days go by, eventually transforming into large bumps filled with puss and fluid. Then these bumps are replaced with blisters, which will drop off and that indicates that the person has become infected and can possibly spread the disease.
Anthrax is a very real and dangerous threat to all people who come in contact with it. The bacterial infection is caused by the bacteriaium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax is divided into three categories all are contracted in different ways. The first type is called Cutaneous Anthrax; this is where anthrax spores make contact with the skin. If there is a cut or a lesion then a person can be infected. Cutaneous Anthrax is the most common way to get anthrax, but is also the least lethal. The second type of anthrax is called Pulmonary Anthrax this is where a person inhales the spores of anthrax directly into the lungs. If this type of anthrax is left untreated it could lead to death. The third type of anthrax is called Gastrointestinal Anthrax, this form results from eating meat from animals that have been infected with the anthrax bacteria. This causes the intestinal tract to become infected and this from is almost always fatal. This particular mode of anthrax has never been seen in the United States.
There are 5 main pathways of environmental transmission of pathogens. Those are air-borne, food-borne, water-borne, vector-borne and blood-borne. Air-borne transmission refers to any disease that is caused by a pathogen and transmitted through the air. These pathogens can be spread by coughing, sneezing, stirring dust, liquid spraying, or generally any activity that generate aerosol particles or droplets. These pathogens can include viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Some common examples of pathogens that are spread via air-borne transmission are rhinovirus, hantavirus, adenovirus, and influenza, among many others (cdc.gov).
It all started because Great Britain was afraid that Germany and Japan had a great advantage in biological technology in comparison to them. They were testing to see the range of spread of the anthrax spores. Great Britain tested its weapons on the coast of the Island of Gruinard in Scotland were they thought it was far enough from they coast so it would not contaminate or hurt the mainland. In the year of 1943 throughout many experiments that were conducted it was proven that sheep and cattle were affected with anthrax. The British government thought of decontaminating the island that that meant that they had to brushfire they entire island to kill all of th...
The symptoms may arise after consuming the contaminated food or may begin few days later. These symptoms may last from just one day to a week or more.