Introduction
To what extent is the central bank responsible for stabilizing the economy? Is LREC really vital to economic growth? In this assignment I will look deeper into these questions. This is important because economic stability depends on it, and without giving this topic thought thousands of households could be facing another looming recession.
In this essay I will evaluate the three questions given with regards to the central bank and LREC. The central bank is a country’s main bank, which provides banking services for the smaller commercial banks, and also the government.
Google define, states “a national bank that provides financial and banking services for its country's government and commercial banking system, as well as implementing the government's monetary policy and issuing currency.”
An economy is a system of exchange or trade. The theory of an economy is used to manage its resources, e.g. monetary, etc.
The Central Bank in any modern economy is not just a lender of last resort, but also has the critical role of stabilizing the economy. Explain why this is so and how it carries out this role using the policy instruments it has in its control.
One of the duties of a Central Bank is to be a Lender of Last resort. A lender of last resort is to is an entity that offers financial help to another that is experiencing financial difficulties.
An example of a Lender of Last Resort in the UK is the Bank of England. On 14 September 2007 the BoE was asked by Northern Rock for a bailout as they were experiencing financial difficulty, due to the recession. Subsequently northern rock was nationalised, which means it was brought into state ownership. However being a lender of last resort isn’t the only factor that the c...
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...y ever been before. This was done to increase overall spending, and also this had a ripple effect on both inflation and also the countries exchange rate.
Inflation
Inflation is the measurement of the increase in prices. The central bank may use rates of interest to affect spending and thus demand. Monetary policy and interest affects the supply of money, which as mentioned earlier, effects the cost of goods, and therefore inflation.
Exchange rates
Lowering interest rates or selling currency can reduce the exchange rates, raising interest rates and buying foreign currency will have the opposite effect as this will reduce demand and reduce inflation. This is due to the law of supply and demand. If supply decreases, the price will go up.
The Central bank also effects employment levels as general spending goes up, more employees are needed to sell produce the goods.
The second tool the Federal Reserve uses is the adjustment of the reserve ratio. The reserve ratio is the ratio of the required reserves the commercial bank must keep to the bank’s own outstanding checkable-deposit liabilities (Brue, 2004, p. 254). By raising and lowering the ratio, the Fed can control how much the commercial banks can lend. For example, if the Fed lowers the reserve ratio, commercial banks will now have more excess reserves allowing them to lend more money to businesses or individuals. Vice-versa, by increasing the ratio, the Fed forces the banks to lend less money due to having smaller excess reserves. If the bank is deficient in the amount of reserves it has, the bank is forced to reduce checkable deposits and, subsequently, reduce the money supply. It may also need to increase its reserves by selling bonds, which would also lower the money supply (Brue, 2004, p. 274).
The Federal Reserve System is the central banking authority of the United States. It acts as a fiscal agent for the United States government and is custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and is authorized to issue Federal Reserve notes that constitute the entire supply of paper currency of the country. Created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, it is comprised of 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Federal Advisory Council, and since 1976, a Consumer Advisory Council which includes several thousand member banks. The board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established pursuant to the Federal Reserve Act to serve the public interest; it is governed by a board of nine directors, six of whom are elected by the member banks and three of whom are appointed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve banks are located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Saint Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City and Dallas.
Conducting the nation's monetary policy by influencing money and credit conditions in the economy in pursuit of full employment and stable prices.
The seventh chapter asks, ‘Why Do Central Bankers Have Power over the Economy?’. In this chapter, the authors evaluate the power of central banks during normal and tough times and question whether central banks ‘have the power to control something as huge as the macroeonomy’ (p.74).
Before we begin our investigation, it is imperative that we understand the historical role of the central bank in the United States. Examining the traditional motives of this institution over time will help the reader observe a direct correlation between it and its ability to manipulate an economy. To start, I will examine one of its central policies...
This is a monetary policy which involves the government’s intervention to curb disorderly trends in the foreign currencies level. In case the quantity of a local currency goes down, the central bank uses the foreign currencies to buy its currency from the foreign economies. This ensures that the economy has ample home currency and thus enough money in circulation.
Another problem prior to the establishment of the Federal Reserve System was the inelasticity of bank credit and the supply of money. Small banks placed their excess reserves in large central reserve banks. Whenever a bank’s depositors wanted their funds, the smaller banks would be covered by the central banks. The system worked well during normal conditions. Some banks would draw down on their reserves as other banks would be building up their reserves. In times of excessive demand, however, the problem became quite serious. When the public wanted large amounts of currency, the
It is the study of resource allocation, distribution and consumption, of capital and investment, and of the management of the factors of production. (http://wikitionary.org/wiki/economics)
“[…] it is desirable to establish a central bank in Canada to regulate credit and currency in the best interests of the economic life of the nation, to control and protect the external value of the national monetary unit and to mitigate by its influence fluctuations in the general level of production, trade, p...
Morris, C. S. (2011). What should banks be allowed to do? Economic Review - Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 55–80.
Inflation is defined as an increase in the expected price level and has been the signal for an improving economy, but it has also weakened an economy due to the unemployment it usually produces which usually hurts the Middle class the most. A healthy rate of inflation means an expanding economy due to higher tax revenues for the government and higher wages for businesses that are booming due to the high demand of their products. But if inflation surpasses of what is expected than employer will have to reduce wages to meet these new prices. When the Federal Reserve creates inflation most argue that this is robbing people of the money that they have saved because they have to use it due to the rise in prices. Printing
...ies like this one have already been implemented mainly to reduce the overall budget deficit, rather than to reduce inflation.
There are many factors that affect the economy, inflation is one of them. Basically inflation is risingin priceof general goods and services above a period.As we see value of money is not valuable for the next years due to inflation. Today every country has facing inflationary condition in their economy.GDP deflator is a basictool that tells the price level of final goods and services domestically produced in an economy.GDP is stand for gross domestic product final value of goods and services, Furthermore GDP deflator shows that how much a change in the base year's GDP relies upon changes in the price level. . Inflation in contrast, how speedy the average prices intensity is increases or changes above the period so the inflation rate define the annual percentage rate changes in the level of price is as measure by GDP deflator more over GDP deflator has a advantage on consumer price index because it isn’t only based on a fixed basket of goods and services. It’s a most effective inflation tool to identify the changes in consumer consumption and newly produced goods and service are reflected by this deflator. Consumer price index (CPI) is also measure the adjusting the economic data it can also be eliminate the effects of inflation, through dividing a nominal quantity by price index to state the real quantity in term.
Inflation is the rate at which the purchasing power of currency is falling, consequently, the general level of prices for goods and services is rising. Central banks endeavor to point of confinement inflation, and maintain a strategic distance from collapse i.e. deflation, with a specific end goal to keep the economy running smoothly.
Inflation is one of the most important economic issues in the world. It can be defined as the price of goods and services rising over monthly or yearly. Inflation leads to a decline in the value of money, it means that we cannot buy something at a price that same as before. This situation will increase our cost of living.