HPE 1 ASSIGNMENT 2 ID: 663656
QUESTION 1
The study addresses the impact of dietary acculturation on the rates of obesity among the migrant communities in Logan, South-East Queensland. Dietary acculturation is a result of migration and involves the adoption of nutritional behaviours and dietary practices of the host countries by the migrants (1). It has been associated with an increased incidence of obesity and diabetes among the migrants. (2). This study looks at the information nutrition needs of African and Pacific Islander communities in Logan.
Stakeholders includes anyone with a “stake” in an evaluation or study (3). In this study, relevant stakeholders were the migrant communities mainly the African and Pacific Islanders. Other stakeholders included the local council officials in health and social services, organizations working within the government health sector in Logan, Non-Governmental Organizations, and the Logan-Beaudesert Place Based Initiative of Queensland Health.
The study targeted migrant community members living in the Logan Region in Queensland. The participants were migrants from Africa (Congo, Ethiopia, Burundi and Sudan), and the Pacific Islanders (Samoa, Cook Islands, Tonga and the New Zealand (the Maori)).
QUESTION 2
A “front-end” evaluation is described as a “nothing to something” or approach of developing a program from the scratch (4). It is carried out at the start of a program when developing the themes. It involves generating input from the targeted population on their existing knowledge, their expectations and preparing to present such information so that it can be easily interpreted. A front-end evaluation involves conducting a baseline-needs assessment, utilisation of research and literature revi...
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... Dietary Patterns of South Asian Immigrants. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):1-6.
2. Yarova LA, Krassen Covan E, Fugate-Whitlock E. Effect of Acculturation and Health Beliefs on Utilization of Health Care Services by Elderly Women Who Immigrated to the USA From the Former Soviet Union. Health Care for Women International. 2013;34(12):1097-115.
3. Hawthorne G. Introduction to Health Program Evaluation: Centre for Health Program Evaluation; 2000. 26 -33 p.
4. Owen JM. Program evaluation : forms and approaches / by John M. Owen: St Leonards, N.S.W. : Allen & Unwin, 2006.
3rd ed.; 2006.
5. Owen JM, Alkin MC. Program Evaluation: Forms and Approaches: Guilford Press; 2007.
6. Williams E, Harris N. Understanding the nutrition information needs of migrant communities: the needs of African and Pacific Islander communities of Logan, Queensland. Public Health Nutrition. 2011;14(6):989-94.
Royse, David, Thyer, Bruce A., and Padgett, Deborah K.. "Chapter 6." Program Evaluation: An …..Introduction. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson, (2006): 141-150
In order to understand the impact of colonisation on Aboriginal health; it is important to recognize their worldview or set of beliefs on health (Tilburt, 2010). They practice a “holistic” approach unlike the Western Biomedical model where health is centred on biological functioning (Lock, 2007). According to this model the essence of being healthy relies on the mental, spiritual and social well-being rather than the absence of an illness (Hampton & Toombs, 2013). It is closely linked to spiritual and environmental factors; the heart of which is country, tradition and kinship. Land is a source of identity and spirituality for indigenous people (Hampton & Toombs, 2013). Kinship manages connection to land as well as ceremonial obligations and interpersonal relationships (Hampton & Toombs, 2013). For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a healthy person consists of physical and spiritual elements. It’s evident that colonisation eroded the structures upon which Indige...
Carter , T., Morse, K., Giraud, D., & Driskell, J. (2008). Few differences in diet and health behaviors and perceptions were observed in adult urban native american indians by tribal association, gender, and age grouping. Nutrition Research, 28(12), 834-841. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.10.002
Since 1788, when the white people first came to Australia, Australian Indigenous people have experienced systematically debases Indigenous culture and people. Due to that reason Indigenous people have profound effects on health and emotional wellbeing (Dudgeon 2010, p. 38). As per Parker (2010, p. 5) Diabetes, renal failure, cardiovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease figure prominently in Aboriginal and Torrens state Islander health issues.
The Canadian Food Guide1 is an important health promotion tool, as long as it is adapted to the sociocultural context in which it is used. This is crucial for the First Nations, which are struggling with health problems related to nutrition and whose traditional eating habits must be taken into account2. Drawing deeply into their values and culture, Atikamekw health services have developed their own Food Guide (AFG) in 1998. For ten years, it was the main tool used by health workers to teach basic principles of healthy eating.
The first factor that has an impact on the health of Indigenous people is their access to health services. Health services include health care provided by general medical practitioners, nurses, and allied health professionals. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2008), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have lower level of access to health services compared to other Australians. Distance may be one of the reasons that Indigenous Australian have difficulties to get to the facilities they want. Compared to the general population, the percentage of having medical facilities, including hospital, Aboriginal primary health care and other community health center, located in the discrete indigenous communities was only 7%, while in general population, the percentage was 35% (ABS 2006). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities face many different kinds of transport challenges as well. In 2008, 43% of Indigenous adults lived in an area in which the local transport was not available (HAMAC 2012, p. 99). That affects people’s access to health facilities as well. People may not get the treatment they need when take location and tra...
According to Smith and Larimer (2009), program evaluation is all about determining the value of a program or policy with respect to a given criteria; a systematic attempt to assess whether a program or policy is good or worthy. (Smith and Larimer:2009) The most common categorization of evaluation comes in pair: the formative and summative evaluation; and, the process and outcome evaluation. (Smith and Larimer:2009) The authors viewed formative and summative evaluation as something that could be distinguished by timing and by the intent of the individual conducting the study. Formative studies are undertaken in the early stages and are intended to inform the development of a program or policy, and essentially asks: ‘should we change anything that we are doing?’” (Smith and Larimer:2009) On the other hand, summative evaluations are done at a different part of a program or policy life cycle; the basic role of a summative evaluation is to decide whether to expand, contract, terminate, or
Material and non-material poverty are vital factors in understanding the extent that Indigenous Australians face poverty. Material poverty refers to the deprivation of basic human needs (Taylor, 1993). Whereas, non-material poverty consists of components of deprivation not directly caused by lack of income, but include factors such as lack of family support (Taylor, 1993). In an article by Choo (1990) it emphasises that Indigenous communities suffer immensely from non-material factors of poverty, including the loss of children through their removal, and the loss of dignity and self-respect through oppression over the years. It was also stated that material poverty was also substantial in communities this includes both income poverty and non- income indicators of poverty such as housing and health. It is important to have an understanding of the full extent of the issue to fully comprehend the discussion.
Native Americans have the highest rates of obesity and diabetes in the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Native Americans are 60% more likely to be obese and are over twice as likely to have diabetes than the general population. These numbers are even higher for Southwest Native Americans. But their diet is very similar to the rest of modern society. So why do Native Americans suffer these conditions at higher rates than the general population? The answer may be found in new research that is beginning to point to a genetic cause for these conditions. In a study by Peggy Halpern, Ph.D. for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, she found that historically Native Americans of the Southwest experienced repeated cycles of abundance followed by famine. She writes: “ A “thrifty gene”…enabled individuals to store surplus calories as fat during times of abundance and to use the energy more efficiently during times of famine, thus surviving periods when food was scarce.” Another reason Native Americans of the Southwest may have developed this gene is because as their population increased, their access to game decreased, resulting in lower consumption of animal fat. But today Native Americans are no longer subject to these cycles of abundance and famine nor are they deprived of meat rich in fat. Like the rest of modern society, they have access to a constant supply of food. So without periodic cycles of famine and easy access to animal fat this thrifty gene would work against them. Their bodies would be very efficient at storing fat, leading to high rates of obesity and diabetes. But there are over 3 million Native Americans and over 500 hundred tribes recognized by the U.S. governmen...
Pobutsky PhD*, Ann M. Micronesian Migrants in Hawaii:Health Issues and Culturally Appropriate, Community-Based Solutions. Publication. 4th ed. Vol. 3. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 2005. Web. 18 May 2010. .
Dietary intake, demographic, psychosocial and behavioral factors among African Americans, Public Health Nutrition: 7(8), 1089–1096
Wolin, K., Colangelo, L., Chiu, B., & Gapstur, S. (2009). Obesity and immigration among latina
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders have some of the worst health outcomes in comparison to any other indigenous community in the world (AIHW, 2011). According to United Nations official Anand Grover, Aboriginal health conditions are even worse than some Third World countries (Arup & Sharp, 2009), which is astonishing, considering Australia is one of the worlds wealthiest countries. Thoroughly identifying the causes and analysing every aspect behind poor health of indigenous Australians, and Australian health in general, is near impossible due to the complexity and abundant layers of this issue. Even within the category of social determinants, it is hard to distinguish just one factor, due to so many which interrelate and correspond with each other. The aim of this essay is to firstly identify and analyse components of the social determinants of health that impact the wellbeing of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders, and demonstrate how they overlap with each other. By analysing the inequalities in health of Aboriginal and non-indigenous Australians, positive health interventions will then be addressed. Racism and the consequences it has on Indigenous health and wellbeing will be discussed, followed by an analysis of how and why social class and status is considered a determining factor when studying the health of the Aboriginal population. The issue relating ...
There are significant health disparities that exist between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians. Being an Indigenous Australian means the person is and identifies as an Indigenous Australian, acknowledges their Indigenous heritage and is accepted as such in the community they live in (Daly, Speedy, & Jackson, 2010). Compared with Non-Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal people die at much younger ages, have more disability and experience a reduced quality of life because of ill health. This difference in health status is why Indigenous Australians health is often described as “Third World health in a First World nation” (Carson, Dunbar, Chenhall, & Bailie, 2007, p.xxi). Aboriginal health care in the present and future should encompass a holistic approach which includes social, emotional, spiritual and cultural wellbeing in order to be culturally suitable to improve Indigenous Health. There are three dimensions of health- physical, social and mental- that all interrelate to determine an individual’s overall health. If one of these dimensions is compromised, it affects how the other two dimensions function, and overall affects an individual’s health status. The social determinants of health are conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age which includes education, economics, social gradient, stress, early life, social inclusion, employment, transport, food, and social supports (Gruis, 2014). The social determinants that are specifically negatively impacting on Indigenous Australians health include poverty, social class, racism, education, employment, country/land and housing (Isaacs, 2014). If these social determinants inequalities are remedied, Indigenous Australians will have the same opportunities as Non-Ind...
Furthermore program evaluations also focus on program delivery, functions, inputs and outputs of a program.