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The immune system campbell and reece
Structure and function of immune system
Essay on immune system of human
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One of the most important systems in the body of any species is the immune system. The immune system is a biological response that protects the body from dangerous pathogens that can cause harm or even death to the body. Without a well developed immune system that best fits the species’ body, an animal would have no chance of survival. A successful immune system has a myriad of mechanisms to protect the body from pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. The immune system has many mechanisms that enable it to protect the body from pathogens, such as mucus, phagocytes and effectors, or fevers.
The skin of an animal is the one of the first external defenses against an infection, since it forms an impenetrable barrier of epithelium, which are layers of keratinized cells. Epithelium is a term for the layers of cells that line the outer surface and the inner cavities of the body. Though only some species have skin cells that consist of keratin, keratin can be found in the feathers of a bird, the scales of a reptile or in the skin of a human and primates. Due to the many places keratin can be found, it shows us that the external layer of keratin cells, or what humans have as skin, are not just a first line defense for humans. Skin is not just a layer on the outside, but epithelia, layers of keratinized cells, line the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogential tracts where infections are common. In the internal surfaces, these internal surfaces are vulnerable to microbial invasions, known as mucosal surfaces or mucosae. Mucosal surfaces are constantly bathed in the mucus that their glands secrete; these secretions fight microorganisms that get stuck and cultivate themselves in the mucus. Mucus is a thick fluid layer that contains anti...
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...f mechanisms that an immune system uses to heal and protect the body. One way is the mucus produced by the glands in the body which capture pathogens entering the openings or the most vulnerable places of a body and flushes them out. Another mechanism is the proficient effector molecules that mark the pathogens for the phagocytes that ingest and then eliminate them. Finally there is the chemical response of temporarily sustaining a high temperature to kill off pathogen that have entered and damaged the body, this is called a fever. The immune systems has more than three mechanisms to fight infections and pathogens that enter the body from stopping them before any damage is done, healing the damage that the body has sustained, to eliminating the pathogens that are causing bodily harm.
Works Cited
1) Parham P. 2009. Immune System [Internet]. 3. Cited 2014 May 1
To begin we will look at the integumentary system and its entire multitude of functions. The main components of the integumentary system are the skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves. For the purpose of this paper we will focus mainly on the levels of the skin and their functions. While the integumentary
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
Studies have shown pertactin, a 69kDa non fimbrial outer membrane protein, facilitates attachment of the bacteria to ciliated respiratory cells. Experiments conducted on humans to test the role of pertactin have shown no significant effect except with the results from Bassinet (4). Furthermore, filamentous haemagglutinin confers infection by attaching to the host cells in the lower respiratory tract. It is about 2nm wide, and 50n...
Hair is considered one of the components of the integumentary system, along with the skin, nails, glands and nerves. Mammalian hair has many functions including protection from environmental factors and the ability to disperse sweat gland products such as pheromones. Almost every part of the human body is covered by hair except for the palms, hands and bottoms of the feet. On average, every person has about five million hairs; each of these hairs is born from a follicle or tiny tube-like structure that grows into the dermis layer of the skin. Oftentimes this follicle even reaches the subcutaneous layer, which is made of fat and connective tissue. (UXL Complete Health Research, 2001)
The human immune system is an amazing system that is constantly on the alert protecting us from
The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx).
Our skin functions as a daily defense for our bodies against disease because of skin and mucous membranes. The skin is a massive organ and it protects everything inside our bodies such as our muscles, bones and organs. Our skin protects us from bacteria, parasites, viruses and pathogens ...
The lymphatic system is made up of organs and tissues, that defends the body against infectious diseases, while also returning tissue fluids to the body’s bloodstream. The lymphatic system prevents the body from disease and infection by producing white blood cells. The lymphatic system helps our immune
immune system I get sick very easily, and my body has a hard time fighting off any
Seattle Education Project. (2013, November). STEP: The Immune System - An Overview, [Online]. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html [11/12/14].
The second layer of the skin is called the dermis and is also known as the middle layer. The dermis is what holds the body together. The dermis has layers to it as well as the epidermis. There are two layers to the dermis, the papillary layer and the reticular layer. The cells of the dermis are fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, and scattered white blood cells (wbc’s). the dermis is richly supplied with nerve fibers and BV;s. dermal BV’s is also a part of the integumentary system, dermal BV,s have converging and diverging vessels that ar...
The integumentary system is composed of the skin and the structures related to the skin, which include the hair, the finger nails, the sensory receptors and the glands (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). This system has an important function since it provides protection to the body, helps to maintain body temperature, and contains sensory receptors (p.117). The skin has essential function such as regulating homeostasis and body temperature, also delaying the loss of water from deeper tissues, storing sensory receptor, synthesizing biomechanical, and discharging waste from the body (p.117). The skin has two layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and the dermis (inner layer) (p.117). There is also a subcutaneous layer or hypodermis (p.117). According to Shier, Butler, and Lewis 2009 “as its name indicates, this layer is beneath the skin and not a true layer of the skin” (p.117). This layer has the blood vessels that supply the skin (p.117).
Interferons are a part of the immune system. This system involves the body's ability to distinguish cells that are part of the body from those that have found their way in and are harmful. Most of these unwanted substances are viruses, bacteria, and other type of disease causing organisms.
We are always hearing on the news and in newspapers about children catching diseases and often dying from them. Why is this happening when all of these diseases are easily preventable by simply being immunised, why aren’t parents getting their children Immunised, is it for religious beliefs or just carelessness. What ever their reason may be is it really good enough, because why would anyone rather let their child be able to catch and spread a deadly disease then have them Immunised, so Immunisation should be made compulsory for all children.
The human body is very complex. It is like a job. You have to do a million things in one day to make it through the day. The body uses nine systems to do all of those jobs. They all have separate functions, but some work together. Each system is also made up of organs. There are many ways to care and protect the systems from the many different problems they can have. There are also many interesting facts about each system.