3.3 Political ideology
Ideology is defined as an interlinked set of opinions, value, of belief of a community or an individual (“Ideology”, n.d.). For government, the ability to gain trust of people by practicing ideology that is accepted by its citizen, would become a powerful political tools for its political legitimacy (Mauzy & Milne, 2002). After independent, the massive cultural and ideological transformation was necessary. Due to small amount of resources, economic instability, and social tension, the PAP then conceptualized the ideology of “survival of the nation” (Chua, 1995). Hence, the idea of “pragmatism’ was implemented on the ideology of survival, meaning that the PAP would not push policies that are constructed by belief and idea
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By late 1970s, the ideology that stands up against moral crisis was implemented. Therefore, the idea that respect the Asian culture value were adopted, hence “Confucianism”. In the late 1980s, the ideology were once again transformed in order to adjust with a more modern nation, therefore, the PAP adopted “Communitarianism” or “Shared Values” (Shan-Loong, 1999). The use of ideological hegemony by PAP government and Lee Kuan Yew was clearly accepted by population, due to the ideology that well-suited with their condition. Thus, enable the PAP government to adopt several unpleasant policies without damaging their political legitimacy (Chua, 1995). The acceptance and commitment from the citizen towards the PAP’s policies, has enable the government to meet the needs of its people, therefore …show more content…
The PAP claimed that “Western style democracy” is not suitable for Asian countries, rather would bring chaos and conflict (Ortmann, 2011). Lee’s perception towards Western style of democracy is accepted by many Singapore citizens. The Western view democracy as the symbol of full liberty, whereby those view by Lee Kuan Yew is sources of instability (Sim, 2006). The penetration of fundamental understanding of democracy from West is not simply compatible with Asian political system that has different culture, traditions, and ideology (Welzel, 2011). The promotion of “Confucianism” was started by Lee Kuan Yew in late 1970s (Mauzy & Milne, 2002), which then become the core ideology of Singapore’s government. Confucianism set as the core values to stand up against moral crisis of Westernization. Contrast with the full democracy from Western democracy leaders, Confucian leaders express their hierarchical power level without obliterate their respect for the followers (Neher, 1999). Confucianism teaches to respect the superior (leader) in order to gain harmony; the superior should not act arbitrarily and rule with honesty (Neher, 1999). If the Western democracy explained the democracy to have individual liberty, in Asian individualism tightly related with selfishness. Confucianism encourages a person to think of others than their selfishness (Mauzy & Milne, 2002). Moreover, Lee argues
The Great Depression Era Presidents: Liberal or Conservative? Throughout the 1920s, the United States thrived economically, but by the end of the decade the United States were thrown into a major depression, the worst the country had ever seen, and no one knew exactly what to do about it. During the Depression, the US had two presidents, Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, both had different ways of approaching the severe deficit, and both were labeled as conservative or liberal. Conservative means a general belief in a less powerful federal government, a laissez-faire (hands-off) method of doing business, and a drip-down method of helping the economy. The word conservative often comes into play when describing the opposite of someone liberal, or believing in a strong federal government, government regulation of business, and a perculatory method of helping the economy.
During and after the Warring States period of Chinese history, many different philosophies were developed. One of these such philosophies is Legalism. In Legalism, people believe that no one can be trusted, and that everyone is selfish and evil. It teaches that the only way to get work done is with strict laws and harsh punishments. On the complete opposite side, in Daoism (a.k.a. Taoism), people believed that you don’t really need much of a government. Even the ruler doesn’t really do anything much. They just let the people live. The entire point of Daoism is to achieve “oneness with the Dao,” which is the path, or road to living in harmony with the world and nature. Another philosophy, Confucianism, is all about living in harmony with other people. It basically teaches you to respect your elders, people with more power than you, and people who have more knowledge and experience than you. By following any one of those philosophies, people try to live a good life by changing their
Between the period of 1820-1861 there was a number of political compromises done in order reduce the sectional tension between the North and the South. While each of the compromises created helped the issue that the country was facing at that time, they did not help overall. The compromises were only a temporary fix for the country’s problem of sectionalism. Therefore while political compromises were effective in reducing the tension between the North and the South it did not help in preventing the civil war.
Proper Order in Confucianism and as taught primarily by Mencius, the Chinese philosopher, is the conceptual theory that instructs how people can reach their highest potential of moral and material well being embodied in Mencius' conception of human nature. The theory of proper order is the primary and philosophical means to that end. Although proper order may seem in many ways philosophically abstract, Mencius' teachings of proper order in history have had lasting and tangible effects on modern East Asian politics and its relationship between the state and society, and even on a narrower level of the individual and community. In fact, the theory of proper order starts first at the individual level and from there flourishes to create a positive rippling effect throughout all of society. This profound theory and its ideals is credited with developing a social society in East Asia which acknowledges the great potential of each of its citizens, but still aspires to consider the effects of individual actions on the common good and not to just ignore the interests of society as a whole. This has helped guide East Asia through its long and colorful history and has helped to shape it into the political and economic powerhouse that it is today. But where exactly did such a significant theory which has helped to define an entire society come from? What exactly is proper order, how can we create it, and why is it needed to achieve Mencius' human nature? Most of these questions can be answered in explaining the fundamental virtue that all humans have according to Mencius, our humaneness defined in human nature.
In this essay, I posit that despite the harsh clashes between liberalism and republicanism, both elements play important roles in American politics, and their marriage has given birth to a unique America. I will begin by giving brief explanations about liberalism and republicanism, before showing how their dynamic interaction has given rise to American exceptionalism. It is also important to note that the slight emphasis on liberalism more than republicanism that is also evident in the US Constitution.
When Adolf Hitler was put in as Chancellor in 1933, he started to begin the program of the NSDAP, the National Socialist German Labor Party. The highest priorities were to put all men back to work and to increase the birthrate. Both were accomplished by re-instituting the traditional roles of men and women. Within the next 10 years, most women were won over to National Socialism, content to do their part in the great national resurgence.
...ences of Chinese political development, “I may not believe that China’s democratic model is completely mature or successful. But at least, I can claim that Chinese way of democracy is extremely distinctive from the Western liberal democracy. Different contexts and cultures from Eastern and Western countries decide the differences in democracy. Therefore, it is hard to explain the Chinese way of democracy through the existing Western democratic theories” (qtd in Yu). The Chinese democratic form basically fits into the process of modernization in Chinese society. It helps Chinese people to maintain social stability, protect citizens’ basic human rights, and promote China’s belief in good governance. To China, democracy could be an opportunity to not only bring good fortune to the Chinese people, but also contribute greatly to the advancement of democratic theory.
It can also be argued that the political activities of Chairman Mao’s Communist China were more of a continuation of traditional Imperial China, based heavily in Confucian values, than a new type of Marxist-Leninist China, based on the Soviet Union as an archetype. While it is unquestionable that a Marxist-Leninist political structure was present in China during this time, Confucian values remained to be reinforced through rituals and were a fundamental part of the Chinese Communist ...
To understand the power struggle relating to foreign policymaking, it is crucial to understand what foreign policy entails. The Foreign Policy Agenda of the U.S. Department of State declares the goals of foreign policy as "to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community." While this definition is quite vague, the actual tools of foreign policy include Diplomacy, foreign aid, and military force.
A philosopher named Confucius founded Confucianism in China 2,500 years ago. Confucianism is a system of ethical behavior and social responsibility that became the great traditions of the East.1 It played an important role in the evolution in Chinese culture over the centuries. It has influenced near-by countries and had made a mark in the history of religion. There are today over six million people who call themselves Confucianists. Most Confucianists live in East Asia where Confucianism is thought to be born. For over two thousand years, Confucianism has been the dominant philosophical system of Chinese government, which has still a great hold on their people. Because Chinese culture has spread to the counties of Vietnam, Korea, and Japan, the values of Confucianism can be found there too.
Confucian culture, also known as Confucianism, was founded by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, which was developed gradually after the Han Dynasty with benevolence as the core. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was the official ideology and the basis of mainstream ideology in the vast majority of historical periods of China, and it also influenced many southeast Asian countries in history. After a variety of shocks, Confucianism was still the core values of China's social public, and represented the Chinese culture and national tradition in the world (Littlejohn, 2010). In the contemporary society, the Confucian culture in China increasingly spread, at the same time, its modern value is excavated by many countries in the world, and its international influence is also growing with the rise of China.
Chang, King- yuh, The Impact of the Three Principles of the People on China (Taipei, _____Taiwan, Republic of China, National Chengchi University, 1988) pp.vii
Conservatism is an ideology consisted of ideas and beliefs that value social order and tradition. The question of whether or not conservatism is a coherent ideology is a highly debated topic. Conservatism can be seen as a disbelief to its critiques against other political ideologies such as liberalism. (Ruth, 2017) However, I believe the ideas of conservatism do make up a coherent ideology. Throughout this essay I will explain the reasons why I believe the ideas of conservatism make a legitimate ideology. The Oxford Dictionary defines an ideology as “a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.” Meaning that in order for a viewpoint to be deemed an ideology it must contain a
The concept of Confucianism has contributed immensely in the forming of Chinese character, behaviour and the way to live, with its main purpose being to achieve harmony which is considered the greatest social value. Confucianism firmly highlights the impression of mercy, social order and fulfilment of responsibilities. The effects of Confucianism had impacted both China and Japan to the extent that the changes are still noticeable to this day.
Modern day society is engrossed in a battle for protection of individual rights and freedoms from infringement by any person, be it the government or fellow citizens. Liberalism offers a solution to this by advocating for the protection of personal freedom. As a concept and ideology in political science, liberalism is a doctrine that defines the motivation and efforts made towards the protection of the aforementioned individual freedom. In the current society, the greatest feature of liberalism is the protection of individual liberty from intrusion or violation by a government. The activities of the government have, therefore, become the core point of focus. In liberalism, advocacy for personal freedom may translate to three ideal situations, based on the role that a government plays in a person’s life. These are no role, a limited role or a relatively large role. The three make up liberalism’s rule of thumb. (Van de Haar 1). Political theorists have