The Idealization of Science in Sinclair Lewis' Arrowsmith
Sinclair Lewis's 1924 novel Arrowsmith follows a pair of bacteriologists, Martin Arrowsmith and his mentor Max Gottlieb, as they travel through various professions in science and medicine in the early decades of the twentieth century. Through the brilliant researcher Gottlieb and his protégé, Lewis explores the status and role of scientific work at universities, in industry, and at a private research foundation as well as in various medical positions. The picture he presents is one of tension and conflict between the goals and ideals of pure science and the environments in which his protagonists have to operate. Although Gottlieb and Arrowsmith are able to pursue their research in some places, their work is continually obstructed and undermined. The conclusion of the novel seems to suggest that it is essentially impossible to truly practice pure scientific research in early twentieth century America. It is only when Arrowsmith abandons his family and his job, cuts his ties with the world and retreats into a sort of scientific monastery with his compatriot Terry Wickett that he is able to "feel as if [he] were really starting to work."1
Many of the tensions that appear in Arrowsmith reflect actual debates and conflicts in the real world. The debate over whether universities should be dedicated primarily to teaching or to research (and whether that research should be practical or abstract) was important in the development of modern colleges and universities. There was a great deal of argument over the virtues of research laboratories in industry, and over how much control companies should exert over the scientists working in their labs and over the direction of their ...
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...an University, 178.
12. Lewis, Arrowsmith, 136.
13. Ibid., 280.
14. Frank Jewett qtd. in Kevles, The Physicists, 100.
15. George Wise, "Ionists in Industry: Physical Chemistry at General Electric, 1900 - 1915," Isis 74 (1983), 7.
16. Kevles, The Physicists, 99 - 100.
17. Ibid., 100.
18. David Noble, America By Design: Science, Technology and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 112. Brackets as in the original.
19. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 141.
20. Frank Jewett qtd. in Noble, America By Design , 115. Ellipses as in the original.
21. Kevles, The Physicists, 25.
22. A. G. Bell & Hubbard qtd. in Ibid., 47.
23. Noble, America By Design, 112. Italics as in the original.
24. Lewis, Arrowsmith, 138.
25. Ibid., 409.
26. Hermann van Holst qtd. in Veysey, The Emergence of the American University, 150.
Rossiter, Margaret W. (1982). Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press
It is clear throughout the “Double Helix” that there are a set of well-defined norms that underlie the actions of the researchers in the labs discussed by Watson. These norms are consistent throughout Watson’s tale and shape much of the narrative, they include: competitiveness between labs, a vast network of interdisciplinary shared information that Merton would refer to as communism, and a rigid hierarchy that determines to some extent whose work is deemed credible. These norms affected each of the players in Watson’s book to different degrees, and both helped and hindered the advancement of discovery.
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Contrary to Rose’s experience, I have observed the arduousness of white-collar workers. As a research assistant, I have observed the intricacies of white-collar work. I worked under a Professor Pratt, who was a doctorate in chemistry; his work encompassed
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...understandable of making use of perfect architectural form as geometry, in terms of believe and as well as architecture. His design was straight to the point , making use of geometrical shape and it’s magnificent meaning which itself emphasises a perfect form and perfect centre point at its middle, which itself is a powerful remark on the focus point of the building (crucifixion spot at Tempietto and the pulpit at the Basilica) this achievement is more effective rather than using of coloured and expensive material ,gold ,sculpture ,painting ,large windows and light or other architectural elements which Baraque architecture used to bring about the attraction and highlight it’s point in the building.(the Alter of Grace at Church of Vierzehnheiligen)
6. L. Pearce Williams and Henry John Steffens, The Scientific Revolution, vol. 2 of The
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Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is an ex ante concept, which is built on the portfolio theory established by Markowitz (Bhatnagar and Ramlogan 2012). It enhances the understanding of elements of asset prices, specifically the linear relationship between risk and expected return (Perold 2004). The direct correlation between risk and return is well defined by the security market line (SML), where market risk of an asset is associated with the return and risk of the market along with the risk free rate to estimate expected return on an asset (Watson and Head 1998 cited in Laubscher 2002).
To begin with, the history of Christian church architecture is, obviously, a highly complex one, but it is important that one understands the evolution of the floor plans of Catholic churches to see how the changing shapes of churches reflects an extended analysis of Catholic belief and practice. According to Cunningham, the architecture of a church building was designed in a certain way and it had a certain
Alcohol is an illicit drug that is often used in society. People consume alcohol for many different reasons: celebration, depression, anxiety, boredom, and peer pressure. Alcohol targets different culture, gender and ages of people. In 2012, it has been reported that teenage students have consumed alcohol (more than just a few sips) by the end of high school, and more than 1/2 have done so by 8th grade. It is incredibly simple for a teenager to find a way to attain alcohol. Even though it is illegal, it is available for their disposal through liquor cabinets at home or even older friends who buy it for them. Since there are so many possible outcomes of using alcohol, should the minimum legal drinking age be lowered to the age of eighteen? This paper will cover the pros and cons of alcohol among teenagers and weather the drinking age should remain the age of Twenty-One and the history of how it was set at that age.