Indium (In)
This element was discovered by the Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter in 1863. These two scientists were looking for traces of Thallium in zinc ore samples. An indigo line in the samples spectrum was found, and no element known had this colour in them it revealed the existence of a new element which was called Indium due to the bright coloured line in its spectrum.
Characteristics
Atomic Mass: 114.818
Melting Point: 429.75 K (156.60 C)
Boiling Point: 2345 K (2072 C)
Density: 7.31 grams per cubic centimetre
State at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 5
Group Number: 13
Occurrence In Nature
Indium is somewhat rare and very abundant - estimated to be about 0.1 part per million in the Earth’s crust. Making it more
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Coating the bearings of high speed motors since allows for the even distribution of lubricating oil.
Make electrical components such as rectifiers* and thermistors**
Make mirrors that are as reflective as silver mirrors but do not tarnish as quickly.
*an electrical device which converts an alternating current into a direct one by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only.
**thermally sensitive resistors whose prime function is to exhibit a large, predictable and precise change in electrical resistance when subjected to a corresponding change in body temperature.
Compounds It Occurs In
Very small amounts of Indium are occasionally added to gold or platinum alloys to make them harder. It is also added to solders*, it reduces the melting point of some and strengthens others; it also prevents other solders from breaking down easily.
Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) is able to convert pulses of light into electrical signals. In 1997 Copper Indium Diselinide (CuInSe2) was used in the most advanced solar conversion systems solar cells. At high temperatures Indium combines with Oxygen to form Indium Oxide
...icycles, and heavy duty industrial machines all rely on common gears, and without different types of gears we wouldn’t be able to live in the modern society that is today. We know how they've helped us build modern civilization; it'll be exciting to see what they help us accomplish in the future.
Strontium was discovered by Adair Crawford, an Irish chemist, in 1790 while studying the mineral witherite (BaCO3). When he mixed witherite with hydrochloric acid (HCl), he did not get the results he expected. He assumed that his sample of witherite was contaminated with an unknown mineral, a mineral he named strontianite (SrCO3). Strontium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride (SrCl2) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Strontium reacts vigorously with water and quickly tarnishes in air, so it must be stored out of contact with air and water. Due to its extreme reactivity to air, this element always naturally occurs combined with other elements and compounds. Strontium is very
Molybdenum is not found in nature, and the compounds that can be found were, until the late 1700s confused with other elements, such as carbon and lead. In 1778 Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that molybdenum was separate from graphite and lead, and was able to isolate the oxide of the metal from molybdenite. Molybdenum was rarely used and stayed in the laboratory until the late 19th century. Plants and animals generally have molybdenum, present in very small amounts.
A wide variety of coating alloys and wrought alloys can be prepared that give the metal greater strength, castability, or resistance to corrosion or high temperatures. Some new alloys can be used as armor plate for tanks, personnel carriers, and other military vehicles.
The Beryllium element, an alkaline earth metal which belongs to group II of the periodic table, was first discovered in 1798 by L.M. Vauquelin. Vauquelin,a French chemist, was doing work with aluminum and noticed a white powder that was nothing like that of aluminum or any of its derivatives. Vauquelin named this mystery powder, gluinium because of its sweet taste was like that of glucose. In 1828, Wohler, a German metallurgist reduced it to its metallic form and renamed it beryllium.(figure 2)
When many people think about the element Tungsten, one common visual tends to come to mind; a light bulb. Although most know Tungsten for being used in the light bulb, it has many other uses as well that aren’t as commonly known. Tungsten was first discovered by two brothers in Spain during 1783. The brothers were named Juan Jose and Fausto de Elhuyar, and they discovered Tungsten while working one day. They were the first people whom discovered that Tungsten had the ability to become an element, so they combined reduced tungstic acid with charcoal, and made a new creation. They decided to call this new creation Wolfram. Wolfram was the original name for Tungsten. It is also the reason as to why the symbol for Tungsten on the periodic table is a W. Tungsten does not have countless amounts of natural isotopes, but it still has a fair amount. Tungsten contains about five naturally occurring isotopes, and they are Tungsten-180, Tungsten-182, Tungsten-183, Tungsten-184, and Tungsten-186.
Mr. Cronstedt discovered nickel in a mineral called niccolite. He originally planned to extract copper from this new mineral but got none at all. This is why nickel, at first, was called "false copper". Instead, Cronstedt got a silvery-white metal, which was eventually used for other things.
It was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in England, in 1807. Sir Davy was able to isolate potassium using electrolysis. Potassium was the first metal isolated by this procedure. Today, it is still not found free in nature. It is obtained by electrolysis of chloride or hydroxide.
GaN Is the newest development, it may become the new material for optical devices in the near future. GaN Can emit at short wavelengths (high energy photons), future plans are considering extending spectrum to cover most of the visible region. The AlGaAs-GaAs covers 800-900 nm while InGaAsP-InP works in the 1100-1550 nm.
From the Greek word "lithos" meaning "stone", it was so named due to the fact that it was discovered from a mineral source; whereas the other two common Group 1 elements, Sodium and Potassium, were found in plant sources. Its symbol, Li, was taken directly from its name. Soon after stumbling upon Lithium, Arfvedson also found traces of the metal in the minerals Spodumene and Lepidolite. In 1818, C.G. Gmelin discovered that Lithium salts color flames a bright red. Neither, Gmelin or Arfvedson, however, were able to isolate the element itself from the Lithium salts. They both tried to reduce the oxide by heating it with Iron or Carbon, but neither met with the success of W.T. Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy. They managed to perform the first isolation of elemental Lithium by the electrolysis of Lithium oxide. Electrolysis is a chemical reaction, which is brought about by the passage of current from an external energy source such as a battery. In 1855, the scientists Bunsen and Mattiessen isolated larger quantities of the metal by electrolysis of Lithium chloride.
All useful generators of electricity come in two basic forms, alternating current and direct current. Direct current (dc) comes from generators that do not change in polarity, always producing a positive charge. In alternating current (ac) the polarity of the terminals is always changing from positive to negative. Thus you are left with alternating current flow. There are different ways of measuring and generating alternating and direct current.
Direct currents only go one way. They are unidirectional. Examples of a direct current are batteries and circuits. Direct currents are used to power video game systems such as xbox, playstation, or wii. Alternating currents go in two directions, They are bidirectional. An example of this is household electricity. Alternating currents alternate directions sixty times per second. While the electrons are alternating directions, the light bulb goes on and off. Light bulbs are always flickering, but it is too fast for the human eye to see, which is why we don’t see the constant flickering in light bulbs.
Brand was obsessed with finding the Philosopher’s Stone; this stone reputedly could change metals into gold. With his discovery, this made Brand the first known discoverer of an element. In 1669, he isolated human urine and distilled it which resulted in a white and waxy material. Brand named this material phosphorus (light bearer) because it glowed in the dark. This discovery was kept a secret until 1680 when an English chemist Robert Boyle discovered phosphorus independently. Boyle’s definition of this element was simply “a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction”. This definition of the element lasted for three centuries until the discovery of subatomic
There are many different types of alloys; some are so common that they carry on a life beyond their metal bases. For example, 65-90% of copper mixed with 10-35% of zinc create the well known alloy brass, which provides increased resistance to corrosion in things like instruments and
?Robotics will boost quality and transfer efficiency levels.? Coatings (Jul.-Aug. 1991): 66 InfoTrac. Online. Nov. 2002. .