During and after the Second World War, relief efforts for war victims poured into central Europe from across the world.i Aid especially flowed from those countries located outside the territorial war, and especially from the U.S. government and its allies, religious organizations like the Catholic Relief Services, recruited by President (Fortin 303-5, McCleary 56-8). Thus, an American high school English anthology called American Writers, printed in Boston in 1942, bears several interesting stamps. On the top edge, "War Relief Services - National Catholic Welfare Conference - Aid to Prisoners of War," on the fly leaf "Swiss Catholic Charity for War Victims - Freiburg, Switzerland." But what was it doing in Switzerland? Who would have read it? Was it used as a schoolbook? What is the significance that this high school anthology of American literature, transported to Switzerland, is copyrighted for the U.S. and the Philippines?
This artifact and the questions surrounding it form the core of this discussion, which will examine the book in two closely related ways: as a tool in the domestic construction of national American fields of normalization and as a tool in a global, ideological knowledge transfer between the growing empire of the United States and its spheres of influence during the twentieth century.ii Reading images, text, structure, and selection of the text will yield information that will be juxtaposed with socio-historical data regarding publication, location in the schoolbook corpus, and political and cultural ideology. As a commodity, the book stands as a reminder of the complexity of the content, production, transfer, and dissemination of knowledge in the American empire of the 20th century. As a textbook, its subt...
... middle of paper ...
...l, Joan Shelley Rubn, and Michael Schudson. eds. A History of the Book in America. Vol. 5. The Enduring Book: Print Culture in Postwar America. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P. 2009. Print.
Rotberg, Robert I. A Leadership for Peace: How Edwin Ginn Tried to Change the World. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2007. Print.
Sawaya, Francesca. "Capitalism and Philanthropy in the (New) Gilded Age." American Quarterly 60.1 (2008): 201-213.
Streeby, Shelley. "Empire." Bruce Burgett and Glenn Hendler (Ed). Keywords for American Cultural Studies. New York: New York UP, 2007. 95-101. Print.
Zimmerman, Jonathan. Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2006.
Zimmerman, Jonathan. "Brown-ing the American Textbook: History, Psychology, and the Origins of Modern Multiculturalism." History of Education Quarterly. 44:1 (2004): 46-69. Print.
Takaki, R. T. (1993). A different mirror: A history of multicultural America. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
Tindall, George, and David Shi. America: A Narrative History. Ed. 9, Vol. 1. New York: WW. Norton & Company, 2013. 185,193. Print.
Henretta, James A., and David Brody. America: A Concise History. Vol. 1. Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009.
5. Perry, Elisabeth Israels, and Karen Manners Smith. The Gilded Age and Progressive Era: a student companion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.
Tindall, George B., and David E. Shi. America: A Narrative History. 9thth ed. Vol. 1. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2013. N. pag. Print.
..., 1820-1865. Columbia Studies in American Culture Series (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942): 13-14.
Kallen, Stuart . A Cultural History of the United States through the Decades: The 1950's . San Diego, CA: Lucent books, Inc. , 1999. Print.
Faulker, William. American Studies at The University of Virginia . 1 April 1997. Online. 15 March 2014.
"American Cultural History." American Cultural History. Lone Star College, June 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
The Young Reader's Companion to American History. Ed. John A. Garraty. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. 384+. Print.
Tindall, George B., and David E. Shi. America: A Narrative History. 7th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2007.
Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1993. Print.
Henretta, James A., and David Brody. America a Concise History. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010.
A penny saved may be a penny earned, just as a penny spent may begin to better the world. Andrew Carnegie, a man known for his wealth, certainly knew the value of a dollar. His successful business ventures in the railroad industry, steel business, and in communications earned him his multimillion-dollar fortune. Much the opposite of greedy, Carnegie made sure he had what he needed to live a comfortable life, and put what remained of his fortune toward assistance for the general public and the betterment of their communities. He stressed the idea that generosity is superior to arrogance. Carnegie believes that for the wealthy to be generous to their community, rather than live an ostentatious lifestyle proves that they are truly rich in wealth and in heart. He also emphasized that money is most powerful in the hands of the earner, and not anyone else. In his retirement, Carnegie not only spent a great deal of time enriching his life by giving back; but also often wrote about business, money, and his stance on the importance of world peace. His essay “Wealth” presents what he believes are three common ways in which the wealthy typically distribute their money throughout their life and after death. Throughout his essay “Wealth”, Andrew Carnegie appeals to logos as he defines “rich” as having a great deal of wealth not only in materialistic terms, but also in leading an active philanthropic lifestyle. He solidifies this definition in his appeals to ethos and pathos with an emphasis on the rewards of philanthropy to the mind and body.
Foner, Eric and John A. Garraty. The Reader’s Companion to American History. (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991).