Chapter 2
Background
2.1 GSM TECHNOLOGY
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard which was developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Basically the second generation (2G) digital cellular networks protocols for mobile phones are described by GSM. GSM has a network of around 219 countries and territories with total 90% market share in mobile communications globally.
The GSM standard came after first generation (1 G) as its replacement. 1G used analog cellular networks whereas 2G originally focused on digitally switched networks. Full duplex telephony was hence provided. This was further replaced by circuit switched network of transport and later packet transport system like general packet radio service.
2.1.1 GSM ARCHITECTURE
Figure 1: GSM architecture
2.1.1.1 BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION
A mobile station is first connected to a base transceiver station. A BTS is a tower (network equipment) which is used for communication between the entire network and the mobile. There are facilities of encryption and deciphering, transceiver and antennas, and equipments for spectrum filtering. A BTS can serve many sectors as well as cell’s numerous frequencies due to the multiple transceivers attached to it. BTS are also known as base stations or cell sites.
2.1.1.2 BASE STATION CONTROLLER
A base station controller works like load sharing equipment. Many BSCs are attached to the BTS. The BSC effectively reduces the load on the MSC as it itself monitors the numerous BSCs attached to it. It also performs managing of radio networks which involve radio frequency control. It is also helpful in providing hand over and calls setup. It helps in fulfilling capacity requirements and providing full mo...
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...ENTITIES
2.1.3.1 CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY
Figure 6: CGI divisions
Cell global identity consists of 4 units – MCC, MNC, LAC and CI.
MCC refers to Mobile Country Code. MNC is Mobile Network Code. LAC refers to Location Area Code and CI is Cell Identity.
The Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services for Digital Network (MSISDN) number is the telephone number of the Mobile station. This is the number which the calling party has to dial to reach a particular subscriber.
2.1.3.2 SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION
2.1.3.2.1 INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY
IMSI – International Mobile Subscriber Identity is defined within a RAN – Radio access Network. It is elemental in identifying the mobile subscriber. The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is fixed for a particular subscriber and it stores the primary identity of the subscriber within a mobile network.
It has the state the person lives in on it and a personal licence plate number that only that person has. Paul Goldberg said “The downward spiral that began with the end of the old telephone exchanges that truly did connect to a place”(P.G. pp2) this is Paul Goldberg saying that people are no longer just connected with a mall area around them but cell phones are not being reached out throughout the whole world. People in Ohio can call a friend or family member in a whole different country and that would be no problem. There was a time when aria codes meant something to people. Now an area code mean nothing because people can have an aria code from Ohio but be living
Cellular phones are a phenomenon that has engulfed people in the nineties. They have become a common occurrence whether you are waiting in line at the super market or in a movie theatre. One professor at Murray State University said, “Many students are carrying them, I had a student get a call in the middle of a test last semester.” Although many people have accepted the thought of carrying a telephone wherever they go, others have not taken the onslaught of cell phones quite so easily. Cell phones have become part of everyday life, and with the dramatic changes that have been made, there is no sign of their existence diminishing. Today, cellular service is available in all 306 Metropolitan Statistical Areas across the country and all of the 428 Rural Service Areas.
Cell phones use radio frequencies to transmit signals. Radio Frequencies (RF) are a form of electrical waves similar to those used in radios, microwaves, radars or satellite stations. They are emitted from a transmitter, and received using an antenna. This telephony technology is restricted geographically to small zones called “Cells”. Every cell has a base station capable of sending and receiving radio waves. When a call is started a signal leaves the handheld unit headed to the closest base station. This station answers by allocating a specific channel to the unit. When this “channel” is established, modulated radio frequency signals are both received and transmitted. The head of the user is in the near field of use because the distance from the antenna to the head is a few centimeters. (Blettner & Berg 2000) If the antenna is inside the body of the phone, the exposure to Radio Frequencies is greater. The antenna might be requesting a stronger signal to contest with the interference of the battery or the actual shell of the phone’s body.
- It helps users to check several parameters of their iPhones - It enables the user to check how many times the IMEI number has been checked previously. - It Provides results within the shortest time possible Information provided by the IMEI Checker Pro ios app to users Below is a list of details that are offered by this app; -Model number of your iPhone -IMEI number -Serial number -If the iPhone has warranty or
Cell phones are a miracle to modern day living. Unlike previous eras where communication was done strictly across a hard-wired telephone line, cell phones now give the freedom to those that can afford them a radio-based uplink to the rest of the world. Not only are they for voice communication, but they also allow for transmission of virtually any kind of digital data.
Analysis of the Environment of the Mobile Network System Executive Summary 3 Glossary of Abbreviations 4 Introduction 5 Recent History
Telecommunications gained mainstream attention in the early 90’s; however the initial key market was business men and women, who used their phones whilst being on the move and so allowing them to communicate with their companies with ease. Though in the modern era, telecommunication went through segmentation in the market trends, and now in this day and age it would be difficult to find someone who does not own some form of mobile technology. Many phone providers battle to provide the best service for their customers (Figure 1).
Cellular wireless technology was developed in the 1980’s with 1G as their primary service.... ... middle of paper ... ... Some arguments that have been associated with Bluetooth are that it’s software or it’s hardware
The telecom industry is being influenced by consumers and business that are adopting alternative forms of communications increasing competition between current service providers and new ones entering the market of Telecom. “Mobile wireless and high speed Internet access is two kinds of services that have been made possible by innovation and new techn...
Smartphone’s, PADs, tablet computers and other handheld devices that are used to run over operating system are called mobile operating system (Mobile OS). A specified data and programs that run over the mobile devices are referred as mobile operating system. It handles all the hardware and optimizes the performance of the application software in the device. Mobile multimedia functions, Internet connectivity and many other applications are handled by mobile operating system. Base infrastructure software inherent of a computerized system is operating system. It controls all primitive operations of the computer such as PDA and Smartphone. To install and execute the third party applications (known as apps) by users are allowed in the operating system devices. It enumerates new functionalities of the devices. Today mobile devices with a desired OS are called Smartphone’s and a wide range of applications for instances games, apps,communication or social media apps, digital maps, etc are used by users.
Since the invention of the cell phones, in 1973, it has quickly become the most popular device used especially today during the twenty-first century. Due to its hands-free-easy-to-use design, the amount of people that own a cell phone is rapidly increasing. The useful text messaging feature has proved to be extremely useful in current times. Along with these helpful features, the cell phone is easily accessible and more portable. The majority of phone companies offer a 3G or 4G data plan, meaning internet access can be found on your phone almost anywhere, at any time. In addition to its easy portability, the cell phone is a very useful and helpful device, allowing one to stay connected to the outer world. “With a smartphone, you can connect to the Web from virtually anywhere. You ...
Have you ever asked yourself, what the world would be like if there weren’t any mobile applications. Society is impacted by the new development in technology daily. Someone is always claiming that their inventions will revolutionize the world, but no invention has had more success over the years, in the cellular world than mobile applications. People all around the world use millions to billions of applications daily for personal and business uses. For example, social networking which is use by all generations of people. It has an influence the way we purchase cell phones, in order to have the capability. With the creation of different smartphones and tablets, comes the demand for more mobile applications. This causes competition among application builders. Mobile applications are designed to its user making their experience less complicated. Mobile applications have their advantages and disadvantages, depending on its design and designer. They can be created to be very simple or complex, depending on its intended function. Has society benefited from the usages of mobile applications or is it just a distraction. What impact do mobile applications have on society.
GPS is a system of satellites radio-transmitters that orbit the planet in great numbers; their purpose is to be able to pinpoint the exact location of an individual or any type of vessel that is equipped with a receiver transmitter within a very small radius. GPS navigation has had a great impact upon society in general as well and its commercial and military applications. Global Positioning is made available at no cost to anyone who has a GPS receiver unit anywhere on the planet. A GPS unit is able to give the user longitude/latitude information as well as, altitude, traveling speed, distance traveled, distance remaining and time in any type of weather conditions imaginable.
People in the present society have turned from the use of the old means of communication to the more advanced and technological ways of communicating. Technology has made it easier for people to communicate in a faster, efficient, and cost saving means through the introduction of the communication channels. The world has turned out to be the centre for technology with different technologies emerging daily as the people continue to develop from time to time to cope with the growing technology. The benefits of adopting the communication technology are explained in this article which shows why people do not function without technology.
In November 2000, Mauritius Telecom entered into a strategic partnership with Orange (formerly France Telecom) with a view to strengthening and securing its market share, pending the total deregulation of the telecommunication sector in Mauritius. By combining the technological and global strength of Orange, and the local and regional experience of Mauritius Telecom, the two companies have been able to offer innovative and useful technologies to new markets. Orange has shared a lot of its Information technology expertise to Mauritius Telecom.