The fruit fly experiment is used as a way to introduce the study of genetics to students. It was first used by Thomas Morgan Hunt in 1910. The significance for using fruit flies, also known as Drosophila Melanogaster is because they’re great to work with in research scenery. They’re relatively easy to care for, especially when comparing to larger organisms like rats, or rabbits. They mate readily, take approximately two weeks to develop, and only carry four pair of chromosomes (Shanholtzer, 2012). The extended life of an adult fruit fly is based on the temperature of its environment; for example at a 54°F the fruit fly’s life is averaged between 40 to 50 days (Ashburner, 2012). Female fruit flies are capable of mating and laying numerous sets of eggs which permits the fruit fly population to quickly multiply. The fruit fly’s life cycle starts soon as the female lays her eggs. The eggs then take about a day to hatch into the next stage, the larva (Shanholtzer, 2012). Once the larva molts and goes through the first, second and third instar, it hatches into the pupa which takes six days to reach the adult stage (Shanholtzer, 2012). Fruit flies normally feast and bask on rotten fruits, although, it is possible for them to be found on old aged vegetables and other food (Ashburner, 2012). It is common for fruit flies to have red colored eyes usually referred to as Wild Type, but they sometime will mutate and have Brown eyes and are referred to as Sepia (Shanholtzer, 2012). For this experiment, the given flies or the F1 generation are hybrid for two traits, Normal or Black body, and Wild type eyes, which is dominant, or Sepia eyes that is recessive. The F1 generation is offspring of the parent P1 generation. The P1 generation consi... ... middle of paper ... ...here’s a possibility that the student did not ensure having the appropriate amount of fruit flies, or there could have been a mixed up with the genders. Some fruit flies could have drowned in the media; there also could have been errors when estimating for the calculation of offspring. For future experiment, another hypothesis could be taking into account the sex of the fruit fly, finding out whether or not the traits are sex-linked. Although fruit fly are often overlooked and found as a huge frustration, according to Ashburner Michael, fruit flies with humans allot about 75% of the genes that cause diseases (2012). The fruit fly experiment could be used by scientists to acquire knowledge and definite how the human genetics operates. In other words this experiment can shine the light on how certain traits and diseases are transferred from one generation to another.
Drosophila melanogaster is a model species used commonly for research in the areas of genetics and phylogeny (Kohn and Wittkopp, 2007). Drosophila is a model species due to the abundance of offspring, short generation times, and the ease of identifying wild type vs ebony phenotypes (University of South Florida, 2017, Biodiversity Lab Manual). This experiment is being performed in order to evaluate whether or not a fly culture after 3 generations will conform to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation. This equation is being used as a null hypothesis and will most likely not be achieved due to the relatively small population of flies being used in the experiment as well as other factors such as genetic drift (Dansereau, 2014). The experiment will take place over seven weeks in which the procedure will alternate between scoring the
Conclusion for class di-hybrid cross: The p value 0.779 is in the non-significant range in the chi square table. The null hypothesis is therefore correct. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings in the flies is a mutation in the genes that is not linked meaning it is a product of independent assortment.
The gall is made of plant tissue but aspects of genetically coded stimulus from the insect makes the gall from the normal plant tissue (Abrahamson, 1989). The gall can be many different sizes in diameter. Survival depends on the gall size, the smaller the galls means that the larvae is vulnerable to parasitoid oviposition, but when the galls are larger they are more likely to be attacked by avian predators (Abrahamson, 1989). Gallmaker enemies can influence the survival of individual gallmakers. The natural enemies of the gallmakers can have a potential effect and alter gallmaker traits for other generations if survivorship varies (Abrahamson, 1989). This study wanted to know three things, how many gallmakers there are as well as how many natural enemies there are, and to what extent of the goldenrod fly mortality was due to insect and bird enemies listed above. They also wanted to know what gall size did these natural enemies prefer and what kind of
When trying to understand genetics Mendel 's laws are a very big part of it. Mendel 's two laws help us understand and analyze genetic crossings. In our experiment we used drosophila melanogaster flies, a common fruit fly. This was perfect to understand and visualize how the laws take effect. Mendel stated that during the process of genetic crossing; two alleles are formed which then separated to form gametes, which would appear in fertilization. In our experiment we accomplish a cross that determined different eye and body colors. By using the Chi-Square test, we were able to test our results. Our groups hypothesis stated the number of flies from the F2 generation would accommodate Mendelian Genetic Ratio of 9:3:3:1. Our Chi-Square test results
The purpose of the first experiment, Ebony vs. Vestigle was to see how many of the offspring had normal bodies and normal wings, normal bodies and vestigle wings, ebony bodies and normal wings, and ebony body and vestigle wings. The purpose of the second experiment White vs. Wild was to see how many of the offspring were red eyed male, white eyed male, red eyed female, and white e...
17. Fruit flies normally have eight chromosomes. The diagram below shows the result of meiosis in three fruit flies to produce gametes with the number of chromosomes indicated. The male then mates with both female A and female B to produce three zygotes (1, 2, and 3).
Similar to how we used water on both sides as a control in the baseline experiments, our first test was with dim light on both sides. To set up the chamber, we put 52 fruit flies in the double-sided chamber and sealed it tightly. Make certain to get at least 20 flies in the experiment for a larger set of data. That is why we put 52 flies in the choice chamber- to get substantial data. In order to count the number of flies on each side, draw a line going down the middle of the choice chamber to divide it into two halves. Side A is one half, and Side B is the other half. In this lab, we used red, blue, black, green, and 2 white light bulbs throughout the experiment. Additionally, to measure the intensity of the light hitting the choice chamber,
Fortunately, the assumptions made about maternal care in insects do not have to be accepted or rejected based only on faith or an educated guess; today it is possible for these predictions to be empirically tested so that the data may be recorded and analyzed. The following experiment is just one example of the various ways in which ideas regarding insects and maternal care may be effectively evaluated.
We began this experiment by obtaining four separate vials that contained the four fly genotypes that I mentioned above. We then took the vials of the respective crosses, gently tapped them on the desk to knock the flies to the bottom of the vials, took the stoppers out of the vials and put the open ends together. We had to tap the vials on the desk again to get all of the flies into one vial. We had to perform these procedures for both Cross A and B. After combining the flies into the proper vials, we labeled and turned in to our TA and allowed them to mate for a week.
The main purpose of this lab was to determine if the mutant genes were dominant or recessive, autosomal or x-linked, and if either gene combination was linked. Also, if they were linked, one was to determine how far apart. In this experiment, fruit flies were used to obtain a better understanding of Gregor Mendel’s genetic principles. Using the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment, one of the main objectives was to learn how certain traits were inherited while others were not and to determine if two different fruit fly crosses fit the 9:3:3:1 ratio. In the beginning of the experiment, a two vials were obtained and prepared, and following this the phenotypes and sexes were observed. In each vial, there was a cross with first
The general anatomical features of a male and female wild type fruit fly and the organism’s life cycle are shown in Figure 1. Recognizing various structures of the adult organism, especially sexual differences, will be important
The average lifespan of a tsetse fly adult ranges from one to three months. The process of reproduction begins with the larva hatching from an egg within the female and the development of the young tsetse occurring within the uterus. The larva growth process usually take about nine days. While in the uterus, the larva get nutrients from fluid secreted from the female tsetse’s uterine wall. Proper nutrition is necessary because if under nourished the female fly will produce a small, underdeveloped and nonviable larva. On the other hand, adequate nutrition will ...
... the air of five different strains of lab grown breast cancer cells, also lab grown healthy human breast tissue. Scientist had blown air sample sober their flies while examining the insects under a microscope, to find out the different glow patterns. Not only did the antenna give off different patterns between cancer cells and the healthy ones, but also between the different types of breast cancer cells. According to “University of Konstanz” this is the first time scientist have proven that fruit flies are able to distinguish cancer cells. The studies and the knowledge of scientists can develop the next generation of cancer techniques. By scientist researches they hope a chemical detection will catch some cancer signs earlier in the beginning of the cancer stage. Scientist say that their research are still far from being accurate, and can’t yet be used on patients.
Adults and larvae nurse either on honey and pollen. It has been recommended that few native flowers in Europe escape from sporadic or frequent visits by thrips. Even though individual thrips may only convey pollen unintentionally, their richness enhances their value for pollination. However, they are usually thought to be ineffective in the pollination of many flower species and subsequently they are rarely recognized with greatly influence. They rarely travel from plant to plant so that their role would be mainly
Insect pollination as we all know, is the process that enables reproduction and fertilization by the transfer of pollen performed by insects. Insects are some of the oldest pollinators of plants. Pollinating insects date back to 140 million years ago. Since then, due to how effective insect pollinators are, these flowering plants have become the major group of terrestrial vascular plants. Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, have imperative roles within our ecosystems, both natural and agricultural. For instance, insects provide food, fiber and shelter for wildlife and humankind alike (2007). It is commonly know that in humans, high levels of fruit and vegetable consumption are associated with decreased risk of chronic disease (Calderone 2012). Aside from these important roles, plants have also been considered as a viable option for fuel sources (Calderone 2012). There are around 300,00 species of flowering plants in the world and without pollination, the reproductive process would be very difficult since pollination causes the production of seeds (Calderone 2012). Of the 300,000 plant species worldwide, a little over 3,000 of these plants have been used as a source of food. Close to 300 of these species are grown around the world today and only 12 of these plants make up about 90 percent of the food sources in our world. These 12 include the grains...