Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh in1965. The term fuzzy logic in a broader sense can be defined as a set of mathematical principles for knowledge representation based on degrees of membership rather than on crisp membership of classical binary logic. As such, it is a multi-valued logic [7]. Following some fuzzy basic concepts:
Fuzzy Sets: A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grads of membership [8]. Let X be a space of points (objects) and its elements be denoted as x. A fuzzy set A of X is defined by function f_A (x) called the membership function of set A:
f_A (x):X→[0,1] (1)
Membership function: A membership function f_A (x) associates with each point in X a real number in the interval [0, 1], with the value of f_A (x) at x representing the “grade of membership” of x in A.
Basic operations of fuzzy sets: There are four basic fuzzy set operations: Complement: The complement of a fuzzy set A is denoted by A^' and can be found as follows:
f_(A^' )=1-f_A (2)
Containment: A is contained in B if and only if〖 f〗_A≤f_B. In symbols:
A⊂B□(⇔)f_A≤f_B (3)
Union: The union of two fuzzy sets A and B with respective membership functions f_A
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M. Rafiei, S. M. Manzari and M. Khashei [17] used Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) and multiple statistics methods to carry out multi-class credit rating of listed corporations in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). M. R. Gholamian, S. Jahanpour and S. M. Sadatrasoul [18] presented a new method to analyze customer credit worthiness. R. H. Abiyev [19] introduced credit rating model using type-2 fuzzy neural networks (FNN). N. Shovgun [20] suggested a new method based on fuzzy neural networks for evaluating the creditworthiness of the borrowers. F. Abdulrahman, J. K. Panford and J. Hayfron [21] proposed a fuzzy logic approach to credit scoring for Micro
Mill, J. S. (2000). System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Noori, S., Feylizadeh, M. R., Bagherpour, M., Zorriassatine, F., & Parkin, R. M. (2008). Optimization of material requirement planning by fuzzy multi-objective linear programming. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 222, 887-900. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/195144743?accountid=32521
In order to analyze Ally, I will be evaluating its balance sheet and performance ratios over the period from June 2006 to June 2013. This will show the progression of the bank throughout the 2008-2009 financial crisis. I will compare Ally’s financial data to the whole US banking industry as a way to analyze the banks risk and performance over that period. Factors such as profitability, credit risk, capital adequacy, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, market risk, ad off balance sheet exposures will all be evaluated.
The breast cancer is a life-threatening disease observed among females all over the world. Detection and analysis of the disease is a significant part of data mining research. Classification as an essential data mining procedure also helps in clinical diagnosis and analysis of this disease. In our study, we proposed a novel Neuro-fuzzy classification based method. We applied our method to three benchmark data sets from the UCI machine learning repository for detection of breast cancer; they were namely Wisconsin Breast Cancer (WBC), Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC), and Mammographic Mass (MM) data sets. Our objective was to diagnose and analyze breast cancer disease with the proposed method and, therefore compare its performance with two well-known supervised classification algorithms Multilayer Perceptron and Support Vector Machine. We evaluated the performance of these classification methods in terms of different measures like Accuracy, Kappa statistic, True-Positive Rate, False-Positive Rate, Precision, Recall, and F-Measure. The proposed method had an accuracy of 99.4 % with the WBC data set, 97.7 % with the WDBC data set, and 84.4 % with the MM data set; and in every aspect, it performed better than Multilayer Perceptron and Support Vector Machine based classification models.
Today, many people associate the word “inception” with the award winning Christopher Nolan film, but what does inception really mean? All dreams aside, inception is the time at which something begins. However, Inception is also the title of a rap composed by artist who goes by the name of Logic. Logic, also known as Sir Robert Bryson Hall II, is a rapper from Maryland. Inception is on Logic’s 2012 mixtape, “Young Sinatra: Undeniable”. I admire much of Logic’s work; however, Inception not only resonates within me emotionally with its sound, but I find that the lyrics echo inspiration and motivation that I can relate to personally.
Fitouts that are in Category A are just basic ones. In fact, some people call them landlord fitouts since they only ready the building for leasing. With these, you will receive such elements as plumbing, mechanical
Proposition is a statement that expresses a statement that is uncertain. It could be true or false.
...y some shape, of being enclosed in a place, and of filling up a space in such a way as to exclude any other body from it; ..." [followed by other features not related to extension]. (Section 26)
Moody's Analytics, 2011. An Introduction to TTC Public Firm EDF Credit Measures, s.l.: Moody's .
... It was the conclusion of the author that financial ratios, when combined with statistical analysis, still remain a valuable tool. The theoretical conclusion was that ratios used within a multivariate framework take on a more influential role than when used in isolation. The discrimination model was very accurate in the initial sample of 66 firms, correctly predicting 94 percent of the original bankrupt firms. The potential suggested uses of the model include: business credit evaluation, investment guidelines and internal control procedures.
In this paper, I offer a solution to the Gettier problem by adding a fourth condition to the justified true belief analysis of knowledge. First though, a brief review. Traditionally, knowledge had been accounted for with the justified true belief analysis. To know something, three conditions had to be met: first, you had to have a belief; second, the belief had to be justified; third, this justified belief had to be true. So a justified true belief counts as knowledge. Gettier however showed this analysis to be inadequate as one can have a justified true belief that no one would want to count as knowledge.
Wang, S. (2010). An Application of Fuzzy Set Theory to the Weighted Average Cost of Capital and Capital Structure Decision. Technology and Investment, 01(04), 248-256.
Access to capital and credit at various stages in the business life cycle is identified as the major hurdle by the entrepreneurs. For many small firms and most start-ups, the personal funds of the business owners and entrepreneur and those of relatives and acquaintances constitute as the major source of capital. For many small businesses, especially during the early years of their operation, credit is simply not available. For many others, the limited available credit is not through bank loans. Due to this many of them rely on multiple credit card balances and home equity loans as major sources of credit for start-up firm. Because banks are bound by laws and regulations to prudent lending standards that require them a risk management assessment for each loan made. These regulations were made more vigor during the late 1980'' and early 1990 . Banks always found that lending to manufacturing firm with hard asset such as property, equipment, and inventory has always been easier than lending to today's expanding service sector firms. Because the service sector firms own few hard asses, therefor lending judgment have to be based in terms of character, markets, and cashflow, which make it difficult to the bank to meet the regulations for the approval of the loan. Additional, the banking industry, as well as the entire financial sector of the
Mathematical logic is something that has been around for a very long time. Centuries Ago Greek and other logicians tried to make sense out of mathematical proofs. As time went on other people tried to do the same thing but using only symbols and variables. But I will get into detail about that a little later. There is also something called set theory, which is related with this. In mathematical logic a lot of terms are used such as axiom and proofs. A lot of things in math can be proven, but there are still some things that will probably always remain theories or ideas.
Plato is one of the most important people in the history of Philosophy. Throughout his life, he had made many contributions to the world of philosophy, but the most important contribution that he is most known for is his theory of the Ideas or Forms. Throughout his many works such as the Phaedo and Symposium, he presented his theory of Ideas by using both mythos and logos in his argument for support.