A chemical reaction where the release of energy in the form of light or heat occurs is referred to as an exothermic reaction (Schiller, 2013). The total energy released by this reaction is less than the amount of energy required for the reaction to occur. The production or absorption of heat is measured through calorimetric processes in either a physical or chemical reaction (Wikimedia, 2014). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxygen-oxygen single bond compound (see figure 1) and a colourless liquid in its purest form but slightly higher in viscosity than water. Being a thermodynamically unstable compound, H2O2 commonly undergoes decomposition into water and oxygen. The reaction is described in figure 2. Yeast which contains the enzyme ‘catalase’ can be responsible for the degradation of H2O2, as seen in the experiments that are to be discussed. Substances which cause an increase in the rate of reaction subsequent of its addition to two or more reactants is a catalyst. Reactions have lower activation energy upon being catalysed than one which is uncatalysed, (see figure 3) resulting in a higher reaction rate at the same temperature (Wikimedia, 2014).
In a video uploaded onto the Science Bob website titled ‘Elephant Toothpaste’, an experiment investigating these concepts was conducted. The experiment demonstrates both an exothermic and catalytic reaction through a mixture of hydrogen peroxide, dishwashing detergent, water and yeast. Equipment used in the experiment included a plastic bottle to contain the substances, measuring spoons and safety glasses. The amount of yeast and water was measured (see figure 4) before being deposited via a plastic funnel into the mixture. The first element added to the bottle was hydrogen peroxide w...
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...e study of genetics and biochemistry, CCP has been the model enzyme. This scientific investigation studies cell yield through cell culture which is the growth of cells under controlled conditions, external from their natural environment. In figure 7, an increase in CCP occurred in accordance with catalase during growth in the presence of H2O2. According to Verduyn et al., degradation of H2O2 by CCP is efficient enough that the events triggering catalase synthesis are evaded.
Overall, the science bob video is accredited to providing an entertaining show to its audience and does not acknowledge the educational potential of those scientific concepts. The scientific article extended the concepts of endothermic and catalytic reactions specifically in reference to hydrogen peroxide and yeast which can be used to increase the level of the video to a more senior level.
Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
Catalase is a common enzyme that is produced in all living organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells and within the cells, enzymes function to increase the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes function to create the same reactions using a lower amount of energy. The reactions of catalase play an important role to life, for example, it breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Our group developed an experiment to test the rate of reaction of catalase in whole carrots and pinto beans with various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Almost all enzymes are proteins and proteins are made up of amino acids. The areas within an enzyme speed up the chemical reactions which are known as the active sites, and are also where the
The alternate hypothesis is that there exists an optimal pH level for catecholase enzyme in which the catecholase enzyme can operate with the highest possible
Catalase are an enzyme that catalyses the reduction of hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2. Catalase are a common enzyme that can be found in almost all living organisms such as potatoes. It is specifically found in the cells that are exposed to oxygen and can be in a plant or animal cell. [1]
Because of its undeniable and scientifically-proven powerful antioxidant properties, catalase enzyme has a wide commercial application. Primarily in combination with the enzyme glucose oxidase, catalase is used as a preserving system in mayonnaise and egg products such as whole eggs or dried egg white, in the preparation of milk and cheese, in the manufacture of baked goods, beverages, textile industry, cosmetic industry (as face mask), and in cleaning agents for contact lenses, for the elimination of the hydrogen peroxide that is present in some products, (Worthington Biochemical Corporation,
Tennessee Williams creates a brilliant play in A Streetcar Named Desire, featuring an amazing and complex character in Stanley Kowalski. The reader must constantly reevaluate the character of Stanley Kowalski as he presents many questions to the reader throughout the play. During the play, as the conflict develops between Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski, the audience must constantly consider which character portrays the villain and which portrays the victim. "Ultimately, however, Stanley prevails. He has gotten rid of Blanche, who has lost everything, and as we see in the closing lines of the play, he is able to soothe Stella's grief, and their life goes on." (Masterplots, 6316).
For A Streetcar Named Desire, that issue is Blanch. Immediately when Blanch arrives on set it is possible to see how different she looks in comparison to the other characters. Blanch, in comparison to Stella, is much older in appearance yet still has a similar if not thinner body figure. Blanch also appears as an older washed out version of the infamous Marilyn Monroe with her short blonde curly hair and old Hollywood style of clothing. By representing Blanch as this type of old Hollywood doll and lover Benedict Andrews has immediately set her up as being a heartbreaker and a lady who flirts too much with too many men. Blanch in a sense becomes the idol of lust and want just through her striking physical similarities to Marilyn Monroe. Thus for Benedict Andrews’s audience, it becomes more feasible to excuse Stanley of his deplorable actions towards Blanch. That is because Stanley, being an attractive American dreamboat, has done nothing more but act upon his masculine desires or aggression. Through the use of casting Benedict Andrews’s production creates the interpretation that Blanch, a harlot, deserved the troubles that Stanley, a hunk of a man, brought down upon her. All Blanch’s issues in this production can be tied to her visual appearance, from Mitch leaving Blanch to the rape. By casting people who are attractive to society and those who appear old and washed out, Benedict Andrews’s production changes the original meaning behind A Streetcar Named Desire and shifts the blame from the perpetrator to the
The efficiency of enzymes depends on a number of factors, such as temperature, pH and the concentration of the enzyme just to name a few. This experiment was conducted to show the effects of different pH levels on the activity of the catalase enzyme, the data obtained in this experiment supports the initial hypothesis of the experiment which states that the catalase enzyme will function optimally at a pH of 7 and efficiency will decrease as the pH of solutions moves further away from 7. This is true because in the experiment the test tube containing the distilled water which has a pH of 7, produced the highest amount of foam out of the four test tubes. The efficiency of the reaction can be determined by the amount of foam (foam = oxygen, which is the result of the breaking down of the hydrogen peroxide molecule into water and oxygen) produced, or the level of the fizzing that takes place when hydrogen peroxide is added. The pH of a solution that an enzyme has to function in is very important because if the pH turns out to be too low or too high the enzyme will denature making it unable to function, however, the pH of a solution may be far from the neutral level of 7 but the enzyme might not fully denature which means that the enzyme catalase would not lose its catalytic ability completely whereas a fully denatured enzyme’s shame will have been altered completely causing the active site and substrate to not fit together the way they’re supposed to. In certain reactions, the active site and enzyme substrate are still able to fit together which means that the reaction will continue to take place but at a very low rate, this seemed to be the case in one of the test tubes during the experiment. The foam produced in the react...
Throughout Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, we see the positive and negative effects of chasing the American Dream. Hansberry expresses her different views on the American Dream through the characters and she portrays the daily struggles of a 1950 black family throughout A Raisin in the Sun. In this play, she is able to effectively show the big impact that even small decisions can make on a family. Hansberry shows the many different attachments that come with the fulfillment of this American Dream. Throughout A Raisin in the Sun, each family member has their own pursuit of happiness, which is accompanied by their American Dream.
Abstract: Enzymes are catalyst that speed up a chemical reaction that takes place inside a living cell. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Peroxidase is an enzyme that is crucial in removing Hydrogen Peroxide which is produced as a by-product in some metabolic reactions. The lab was conducted to determine the effects of different factors on enzymes. Multiple experiments such as changes in temperature, concentration, inhibitors, Ph, and difference in the reaction rates were recorded. We divided the different experiments within our groups. Hydrogen Peroxide, Guaiacol, and peroxidase was prepared for the students, and each student used them accordingly for their experiments. Guaiacol
“The Streetcar Named Desire” shows how desire can become a vice for people’s lives and be a destructive force for others. Blanche was unable to hold her desire and as a result was forced out of her home and lost her credibility to save her future reputation. This was only made worse when Stanley’s inappropriate desire for Blanche made her situation worse as he took away all of her power and those she loved from her. It makes one think how easily one could choose to view reality based on desire or emotion; it helps to to understand how those choices can negatively impact a person and those around
Once the test tubes were in place to insert hydrogen peroxide the changes were observed. The raw liver produced large amounts of bubbles which are made up of oxygen, in contrast to this results the cooked liver produced a minor amount of oxygen bubbles due to the fact that enzymes were denatured once it was boiled. The raw potato produced a considerate amount of oxygen bubbles illustrating that the enzymes within it were in proper shape, however, the cooked potato produced the least amount of bubbles in the entire experiment demonstrating that a change in temperature denatures an enzyme causing it to malfunction and become unable to break apart a hydrogen peroxide molecule. In conclusion, the results of this experiment proves the fact that
The award-winning play A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry focuses on characters that are challenged by the reality of their dreams and the harsh society around them. Walter Lee Younger, a working man with a small family, is someone who has high hopes for his future, but, during the book, he repeatedly had doubts about the outcome of his goals. As the play progressed, Walter’s dream plays a large role in his character development because he starts off as a man who felt as if all of his family members neglected his dreams, and transitioned into a person who is willing to do whatever it takes for his family’s dreams to flourish, instead of purely his own.
The play A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams is an intriguing play about a clash between two class groups. Blanche Dubois portrays herself as a high economic citizen where her sister and her husband are contrasted as lower class. Class is significant throughout the play because it provokes negative relationships and negative feelings amongst the main characters.
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of reaction without affecting the products of the reaction and remains unchanged. This experiment focused on increasing the temperature of hydrochloric acid when it reacts with magnesium. The volume of hydrogen gas produced. Independent variables: The temperature of HCl gas will decrease and increase throughout the experiment.