Introduction The world around us is filled with colors--brilliant blues, pretty pinks, and ravishing reds--except it is not. The sun causes every last color seen by the human eye by the absorption of all the colors of the rainbow onto colorless particles except the one color that is seen (Van & Khouw, n.d.). Unfortunately, there is no uniformity within the world of color. One man’s red is another woman’s orange but why? Numerous factors affect the perception of color but are innate difference in genders one of those aspects? According to the research done in this area of study thus far, gender is indeed a factor in the perception of color shades. There are three main focus areas for the research and studies that have been done. The evolution of color perception eventually lead to practical differences between the genders. Many studies have also found that males and females respond to color differently. Many physical differences such as those in the retina have been found by scientists Body Evolution of Color Perception and Gender Differences Color vision is not a quality that exclusively evolved in humans. The ability existed more than three hundred million years ago even before our vertebrate attached ancestors crawled out of the oceans and onto the land. The eye observes by converting light into nerve signals through the use of photoreceptors. A certain class of photoreceptors are responsible for color vision. They both detect light and discern certain wavelength of light--also known as colors. These color photoreceptors are usually referred to as cones. They are correlated to different color wavelengths by way of something called a photopigment which is actually a type of protein called a opsin. The opsin tunes the color ... ... middle of paper ... ...ut color perception in the study of philosophy include theories such as eliminativism, dispositionalism, the ecological view, physicalism, and primitivism. Dispositionalism is most commonly associated with “the seventeenth century English philosopher John Locke [...]. In Locke's terminology, dispositionalism is the view that colours are secondary qualities. A simple version of dispositionalism is this: the property yellow = the disposition to look yellow to typical human beings in daylight” (Byrne & Hilbert, 2000). Physical and cognitive differences to perception of colors are the product of a long evolutionary process. After a plethora of research and investigation, scientists have determined that gender does affect the perception of color; however, the extent that the perception is affected and the factors that affect color vision need to be further considered.
The meaning, significance, and definition of race have been debated for centuries. Historical race concepts have varied across time and cultures, creating scientific, social, and political controversy. Of course, today’s definition varies from the scientific racism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that justified slavery and later, Jim Crow laws in the early twentieth. It is also different from the genetic inferiority argument that was present at the wake of the civil rights movement. However, despite the constantly shifting concepts, there seems to be one constant that has provided a foundation for ideas towards race: race is a matter of visually observable attributes such as skin color, facial features, and other self-evident visual cues.
In this paper, we see how priming can be used as an experimental aid and to what extent it can influence the subjects. Chiao, Heck, Nakayama, and Ambady (1) consider the notion of whether priming a particular racial identity in a mixed-race individual (specifically Black and White mix) would influence the individual’s ability to search for White or Black faces.
The study of psychobiology attempts to explain behaviour in terms of physiological mechanisms. Previous research shows that female and male reactions differ with regards to emotional stimuli (Campbell et al., 2002 & Orozco & Ehlers, 1998, as cited in Hall, 2004). “Sex Differences in Functional Activation Patterns Revealed by Increased Emotion Processing Demands” (Hall, Witelson, Szechtman, & Nahmias, 2004) studied the effects that different emotional stimuli have on brain activation patterns (Hall et al.). The study was divided into two experiments, both of which compared and contrasted the results between two different groups of eight women and eight men (Hall et al.). In experiment one, patients performed three tasks: facial detection, identity matching and emotion matching (Hall et al.). In experiment two, a different group of eight women and eight men performed gender matching and emotion matching, with an additional auditory stimulus (Hall et al.). The results showed that sexual dimorphism was present in the reactions between women and men (Hall et al.). This essay proposes to examine the psychobiological aspect of the studies, to identify any interesting and relevant results, and to analyze its key elements and scientific rigor. Furthermore, it will explore possible future improvements to the study, as well as highlight possible applications of the results. This essay will prove that the research paper is both relevant and interesting to psychobiology.
The pupil is where light can enter the eye. The iris is in control of the amount of light that actually goes through. The light reaches the lens, which alters the shape of it so the eye can focus on it. Light reaches the retina, which consists of cones and rods. Colors are saw differently based on their implied meanings, which to various psychological functions. The cones are responsible for color. The color red would have such an effect on people’s perception of others based on their production of affect, behavior and cognition. A sociocultural theorist would explain this effect by indicating that the associations with the color red are normal. When a student sees a plethora of red marks on their paper, they automatically think they failed the assignment. Biological theorist would best explain this theory by saying the color red helps them survive or reproduce. A man may be attracted to a woman more because she is wearing red. This attractiveness could cause him to find his mate and eventually reproduce. A behavioral theorist would explain this effect by saying the color red provokes pleasure and avoids pain. A person can associate red with romance and
Human beings are no exception to biological evolution. Like other organisms around the world, humans have significantly changed overtime and have developed all sorts of diverse characteristics. One noticeable characteristic of human beings is the variation of skin color. Skin color has been used to identify, classify, and verify the variation that exists in the human population around the world. How did such a distinct variation arise and how did it play into adaptation?
Many may agree with the old saying that “beauty is only skin deep,” but does beauty come in a particular shade of color? This question is very debatable for many, but the fact of the matter is that human beings are born in array of skin tones. These differences in skin tone are used to categorize people into different ethnic groups. Lopez proposes that“ethnic identity is a type of group identity that is related to a better outcome because it provides a sense of belonging or cultural embeddedness.”(p.102) Dr. Ronald Hall (2006) suggests that in America minorities or people of color are called black in relative terms to the majority who are of European descent i.e. white. Some studies have discovered that a more “ethnic appearance” is usually assessed by a darker skin color i.e, black and is associated with a worse outcome in life (Lopez, 2008) In contrast, beauty, wealth and overall appeal are associated with physiological proximity to the white power structure i.e., light skin. (Hall, 2006) It appears as though desirable skin complexions are culturally relative.
It is a wonderful thing to witness a sunset and see all the various colors that occur in our world. What would it be like if we didn’t view the sunset with all the beautiful colors that are perceived in it? According to Brown, Lindsey, Mcsweeney, and Walters, (1994) without factoring in brightness, newborn infants cannot differentiate between colors. This was found by testing infants in forced-choice preferential looking experiments or FPL experiments (Brown et al., 1994). It is astonishing to think that we haven’t always viewed the world in various vibrant colors. So at what point do we as individuals develop full color vision?
Even before the children are born, parents begin choosing clothing and decorations by color based on the sex of the baby. The stereotype of pink, pastels, yellow and white for girls and bright or dark colors like green, blue and red for boys has long been a part of our culture. How many times have you heard kids argue over toys because the girls don’t want the icky boy color or the boys don’t want the gross girl color? The issue of color may go deeper than just fighting for toys. Studies have been done showing that school classrooms, especially for younger grades, are typically decorated in “boy” colors and reflect an environment that is most comfortable for boys (Bruning 23). Parents and teachers may be able to help reverse this thinking by buying toys in gender neutral colors and by using the same colors for boys and girls.
Colors. Colors are grouped according to their wavelengths. Colors with longer wavelengths such as red, orange and yellow are perceived as warm colors. Colors with shorter wavelengths such as blue, purple and green colors are perceived as cool colors. White, grey and black colors as perceived as neutral colors.
There is an abundance of ways light and color can play tricks with how your body thinks. Color has an impact on everything. When you walk into a restaurant and instantly become hungry is one way that color has an influence. When you feel antsy in one room and calm in the other is another way that color has an effect, this is all because of the atmosphere of that room, which is altered by color.
The same concept was expressed by Edward O. Wilson (1992), father of sociobiology at Harvard University. According to him, females tend to be better equipped in characteristics like verbal and social skills, security needs and empathy than their counterpart. In the other, Males tend to be better in spatial ...
Once an individual born, they immediately started to learn to prefer certain color through their early childhood. The Parents usually the first reason of acquiring a certain norm about color preferences accordi...
Light is what lets you experience colour. The pigment of the retina in your eyes is sensitive to different lengths of light waves which allows you to see different colours. The wavelengths of light that humans can see are called the visible colour spectrum.
Jablonski, N. G. (2000, Feb). The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration. Retrieved October 6, 2011, from http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/chem/faculty/leontis/chem447/PDF_files/Jablonski_skin_color_2000.pdf
In the world of fascinating sights, colors are all are found everywhere in all sorts of ways. Colors are put into categories and types depending on what one is looking at. Some categories of colors may include: value-tints/shades, complementary colors, analogous colors, cool colors, warm colors, and neutral colors. The types of colors within these categories include: primary, secondary, tertiary, complementary, analogous, active and passive colors. These types and categorizes can be seen in a circular diagram that is divided by hue, saturation, and value called, the color wheel. The color wheel consists of all colors that are within the visible spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum A basic color wheel includes: red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, and violet. As one looks cl...