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PHIL 2003H Final Exam
1. Anthony Appiah argues that race is less central to our (Western) ethical identities than gender. Explain this claim and Appiah’s argument for it. Do you think he is right? Why or why not? Response: One of Appiah’s main points regarding how race is less central to our ethical identities than gender, is that race is not biological. He continues to explain that race and ethnicity should be considered in the same way because they are both voluntary. While discussing the correlation between ones ethical identity and gender Appiah demonstrates his thoughts using himself as a metaphorical example. He argues that had he been born a male, circumcised improperly and then changed into a female as an infant, his social gender would have been changed because society would see him as a female despite his chromosomal, biological gender. He continues to break down how had he had a sex change, there would be two potential outcomes that would depend on how strong his social masculinity is. Transexuals, he discusses, may say that after transitioning they are still the same ethical person because they were always their current gender despite the chromosomal implications. One of Appiah’s greatest distinctions is the difference between social gender and biological gender,
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When it comes to ethical identity I think of personality and core values and I think that changing from a man or women would shift those values greater than changing from Irish to American. Women and men are so complex due to how society has created gendered expectations starting at birth, that it seems almost impossible for someone who is “raise as a girl” or “raised as a boy” to not have adopted many values and traits because he or she is that gender. Although, it does seem clear that race and ethnicity also play a role in one’s ethical identity, just a smaller
Race-thinking: what is it? Isn’t the world past the issue of race? Do races even exist and if so, what does it mean to have a racial identity? Is colorblindness possible and how important is it? These are the questions Paul Taylor addresses in the book “Race: A Philosophical Introduction”. Paul Taylor is a self-proclaimed “radical constructionist” who will maintain that race is very real in our world and in the United States as a whole (p. 80). Taylor takes care to ensure he addresses the real needs concerning racial dynamics in the U.S., referencing historical events, prevailing policy affairs, and even pop culture to explain that everyone capable of forming opinions ought to have some sort of grasp of the concept of race-thinking. As Taylor will analyze, race and race-thinking “has shaped and continues to shape private interactions as well as the largest political choices” (p. 8). In other words, race-thinking encompasses everything we do and every interaction we have. In this paper I will attempt to interpret and expound Taylor’s views and definitions of race, concepts associated with race, and input my own interpretations as they are appropriate.
Winant, Howard. 2000 "Race and race theory." Annual review of sociology ():-. Retrieved from http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/winant/Race_and_Race_Theory.html on Mar 17, 1980
There is a specific meaning to race and how its role impacts society and shapes the social structures. Race is a concept that “symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies” (Omi & Winant 55). In other words, Omi and Winant get down to the crux of the issue and assert that race is just an illusion. Race is merely seen as an ideological construct that is often unstable and consisting of decentered social meanings. This form of social construction attempts to explain the physical attributes of an individual but it is constantly transformed by political struggles. The rules of classifying race and of identity are embedded into society’s perception. Therefore, race becomes a common function for comprehending, explaining, and acting in the
In society today, race can be viewed in a variety of ways, depending on the manner in which one was raised, as well as many other contributing factors. These views are often very conflicting, and as a result, lead to disagreement and controversy amongst groups. Throughout history, many communities have seen such problems arise over time, thus having a profound impact that can change society in both positive and negative ways. Such a concept is a common method through which Charles W. Mills explains his theories and beliefs in his written work, The Racial Contract. In this particular text, Mills explores numerous concepts regarding race, how it is viewed by different people, and the sense of hierarchy that has formed because of it.
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” (Nelson Mandela). The concept of race is widely debated among social classes and among the individual levels of insight. In the past doctors and many other men of science attempted to divide us by “race” in the sense that our exterior features as human beings separated us from the only race, the human race. The documentary “Race the power of an illusion” took us through the history of racial division which gave the minorities the short end of the stick. The ideology that is supported by substantial evidence that race is no more than a facade, and travels no deeper than a few exterior differences. This somewhat recent discovery has not made an impact on society. Around the world, society refuses to accept the idea that there is no such thing as one race and it affects everybody that has been raised to think we are all genetically different based on demographics and exterior features. The effects of these unscholarly and ignorant beliefs are thoroughly examined in the documentary, Langston Hughes poetry, and Alan McPherson short stories.
II. Thesis 9: The Racial Contract has always been recognized by nonwhites as the real determinant of (most) white moral/political/practice
First; comes, the notion of nature. West and Zimmerman term this as sex, referring to a person’s biological makeup through genitalia, having a penis or vagina, or simply chromosomal pairing of XY or XX (29). Although there is no escape or control an individual has, if their foetal tissues formed into a penis or vagina, biology does play an underlying role in an individual’s identity and personality formation which is socially constructed. What is the correlation between biology and socially constructed gender then? The case study West and Zimmerman present of “Agnes, a transsexual person who was born (31), ” and raised a boy, but went through sex reassignment surgery, and identifies as a female, shows that although biology may result in a certain genitalia, an individual’s response to that may be one that is conforming or opposing to it. By the terms conforming and opposing I mean to say that Agnes could have either continued to
4. Wachtel, Paul L. Race in the Mind of America: Breaking the Vicious Circle between Blacks and Whites. New York: Routledge, 1999.
The argument begins with these two sides stating that the gender roles in society, are fair on both sides and they in fact discriminate against the two sexes. Men are taught to be closed-off in times of stress and women are taught to be helpless and needy. This is how our society expects men to behave. Maybe in the near future as a culture, we will use gender transcendence, in which we will abandon our general idea as to how we are seen as men and women, so that other aspects of life become separate and gender free. When we accept that men and women are equal, society will learn that men do not always have to be the breadwinners in the family, but rather women can accept roles to take pressure off of
As a whole, racism is largely focused on individual people and very specific acts of oppression against very specific groups of people. But how do you define race? Omi and Winant (1994) argue that race and racism definitions as a whole are limited because they “neglect the institutional and ideological nature of race in America” (p. 10). Race relations are so ingrained in American culture that a 'true' definition of race has never been properly established. The narrow focus on individuals fails to note the impact racism has on society as a whole, especially in politics (Omi and Winant, p. 15). The authors also quote Glazer and Moynihan (1963) stating that ethnic groups are not solely bound by skin color or even by place of origin, but more commonly by “ties of interest” (Omi and Winant p. 18). By defining race and ethnicity by biological means, the fact that these ethnic and racia...
Shelby, T. (2002) “Is Racism in the Heart?” In G. L. Bowie, M. W. Michaels, and R. C. Solomon (Eds.), Twenty Questions: An Introduction to Philosophy (479-483). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
Through the selected readings it becomes clear that race is not only a social construct but also a value that changes depending on the region in which one inhabits. Despite the lack of scientific support for race as a biological phenomenon, race still results in misfortune for many minorities. This present throughout everyday life in terms of job opportunities, education, and life experiences.
To understand our existence, we interact with other members of society and develop a set of shared notions, institutions, and structures. Sociology, the systematic study of human society, helps us understand these interactions and developments. In particular, applying the sociological imagination to the social construct of race yields insight into its fallacy and utility. This essay examines the historical origin, functions, and societal implications of race in the United States. I also connect the social construct of race with the writings of Barbara J. Fields, Kingsley Davis, Wilbert E. Moore, Marianne Bertrand, and Sendhil Mullainathan. In a larger context, the social construct of race is a system of schematic classification; race
This article was written to bring attention to the way men and women act because of how they were thought to think of themselves. Shaw and Lee explain how biology determines what sex a person is but a persons cultures determines how that person should act according to their gender(Shaw, Lee 124). The article brings up the point that, “a persons gender is something that a person performs daily, it is what we do rather than what we have” (Shaw, Lee 126). They ...
Blum, Lawrence. I'm Not A Racist But: The Moral Quandary of Race. New York: Cornell University Press, 2002. 5