The English Civil Wars and Quaker Persecution The English Civil Wars began originally as a dispute over financial matters between the King of England (Charles I) and Parliament, but the underlying issue of this time, concerned the religion of the nation, which at the time included Scotland, Ireland, and part of North America. The Parliament consisted mostly of Protestant middle-class gentries and merchants. They did not believe in the King’s proposal of religious standardization that he tried to enforce on the entire nation. The proposal was the catalyst for two wars between Scotland and England from years of 1638-1640, as well as a larger divide between the King and Parliament. The events of these years led to a split in the nation over alliances. Those who supported the King were known as Royalists (or Cavaliers). This group was made up of higher-class citizens who respected social organization and solidity, as well as the King’s High Anglican beliefs. The opposing group, the so-called Roundheads, was made up of middle-class citizens who did not support a social hierarchy and were considered Puritans (a derogatory term at the time for radical reformers). By 1647, the English Civil War was under way. The war between Scotland and England raged for the next five years. In 1649 Charles I was eventually convicted of treason and beheaded by the Parliament of England. As the right of the throne of England passed on to Charles II, an idea supported by both Ireland and Scotland, the Royalist English army was decisively defeated by the Roundheads. The monarchy of England was abolished, and a Commonwealth created. It was not until nine years later that Charles II returned from exile and resumed the monarchy of England. During this war, actually driven by economic concerns, many religious radical groups were forming among the Roundheads. One of the most important groups was formed in 1650, and was later dubbed the “Quakers.” This religious movement held that the presence and grace of God was inside of everyone; they felt no need for elaborate church services, priests, or offerings of any kind.
Worth, M. (2014). Nonprofit management: Principles and Practice. 3rd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
There are many people that benefit from Lean Six Sigma which include mainly customers, suppliers, employees, and also stockholders. Lean Six Sigma is a way for businesses to improve, to reduce waste and to become more successful. In the future, more and more organizations will adopt or practice some of the Lean, Six Sigma, or both in order to stay competitive in today’s market. In some cases, blending both Lean and Six Sigma can be costly and difficult; however the end result can create an organization that focuses on quality, accuracy, and speed to meet the goal which is profitability.
To begin with, there was a great loss of human lives. Beginning in 1643 England, the closest absolute king Charles I attempted to storm and arrest parliament. His actions resulted in a civil war between those who supported the monarchy, Royalists, and those who supported the parliament, Roundheads, which did not end until 1649. Estimates for this war put the number of casualties at 200,000 for England and Wales while Ireland lost approximate...
were fined and/or imprisoned; 366 were killed.4 The reason why the Quakers were put through such torture was because their beliefs and culture was different from the Anglican Church. At that time, any religion that was practiced in England other than the Anglican Church would be persecuted. They believed that religion shouldn't be practiced in a church as much as in your heart. The differences that were between the Quakers and the Anglican Christians was that the Anglicans practiced strict discipline in their prayers. They would go to prayer every morning, and ask for forgiveness of their sins. They believed that the sacred authority was the Bible, the only way to make your way to heaven was to go to sermon; they should glorify God in the world; and pay no attention to the irrationality of God. They didn't believe men could achieve anything for themselves; only God could do that. The Quakers, on the other hand, believed that God should be in your spirit, not in sermon, and that your sacred authority shouldn't be a book, it should be your inner light, the force that drives you through you life. They believed you shouldn't be servants of God, but to be friends of God.
The social upheaval ignited by the seventeenth-century English Civil War spawned many different religious groups, one of these were The Society of Friends. Founded by George Fox in the 1640's The Society of Friends came to be known as the Quakers, a term that was derived from the physical shaking and trembling of the believer when experiencing a union with God (p.14).
First of all, the Nonprofit Sector has proven to be a positive part of the US economy. Nonprofits hire a large number of employees. These nonprofit employees have access to long-term employment, and benefits just like the for-profit employees. By hiring a large number of employees, nonprofits have an active part in being an economic stimulator.
These methods provide a logical solution to the various problems and help in enhancing the quality and efficiency of products and processes [7]. The critical power of Lean Six Sigma is its focus on finding the variables impacting the majority of variations in process {3]. Thus Lean Six Sigma methodology together helps in achieving project goals and the targets
Six Sigma Process Improvement is a rigorous approach to improving business processes by addressing the underlying causes of variation that lead to poor performance as experienced by the ‘customer’, who is the recipient of the outputs. The early exponents were Motorola and GE in the 1980s. Since then, many organisations ranging from manufacturing to service in all sectors, have successfully deployed Six Sigma to deliver measurable cost, quality and time based improvements.
There is a good side and bad side of earnings management, and each side of earnings management will lead to different outcome. This paper is going to present some of the motives why managers use various method to manage the income, explain the benefits and costs of allowing managers to manage earnings for the companies.
Competition among groups who are serving societal needs may seem like a strange concept however it is a real challenge facing non-profit organizations. Each group is competing for the same pool of donations and additionally must also stand out from for-profit businesses who are also vying for consumers’ dollars. The recent economic struggles have only made this competition stiffer and more challenging as charitable donations steeply declined from 2007-2009. W...
Over the last 20 years, there has been a significant increase in nonprofit and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) in the United States. With the increase in organizations, also came an increase in scandals and in the 1990’s multiple nonprofit and nongovernment organizations lost the public’s trust due to misuse of funds, lavish spending, and improper advances to protected populations. These charity scandals not only hurt direct organization’s reputation, but also led to the mistrust of nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations as a whole (Sidel, 2005). To combat these reputations, NGOs and nonprofit organizations began to self-regulate through employing morally obligated and altruistic employees, accountability practices, and lastly through
The characters create their identities in their attempts to escape from their names, bodies, and nationalities. The permeability of borders is depicted in the charred blackness of the English patient’s flesh. His burned skin, an indicator of race and vague memory allow him to escape the bounds of his name and race. “He rambled on, driving them mad, traitor or ally, leaving them never quite sure who he was” (Ondaatje 96). Accordingly, he attains the freedom of transcending borders and even ethnicity.
Earnings management is a popular project that studied by fields of both economy and accounting. Although the concept of earnings management is still controversial in the accounting fields, the basic purpose can be concluded from the two authority definitions by Scott (n.d.) and Schipper (n.d.).
Within Wole Soyinka’s and Tsitsi Dangarembga’s intricately weaved novels, both pieces of literature successfully intertwine to portray the estrangement and hardships dealt with through the main characters in settling within a separate environment apart from their origins; culture and adopting the colonial mentality which is imposed upon them. An important theme in Nervous conditions and Death of a King’s horseman is of remembering and forgetting ones own identity. There are three major categories within these two texts displaying the characters that forget that they play these roles within society as puppets of colonialism, those who rebel against the invading culture that seems to threaten their sense of identity and lastly those who choose these roles and carry them out. It is like tradition versus modernism whereas the English society is modern and the African society is portrayed as rural and past traditions. The split within the mental states of these individuals portray the immense impact that colonialism and origin can create within the mind state of an individual.
Schipper (1989) gives a well accepted definition of ‘earnings management’. According to him, the managers of a company often intercede in the external financial report of the firm and thus they safeguard their personal interests. This process of managerial intervention in the annual reporting process is better termed as earnings management. After a decade, in 1999 Healy and Wahlen, echo the same and affirm that the manager’s discretionary power may well influence the accounting reports of a company. In the same line of discussion, Dechow and Skinner (2000) talk about ‘accrual accounting’; this according to them is one of the most frequently used device in earnings management. The managers often showcase the prospective growth of expenses and